Composite structure and growth of the Longmenshan foreland thrust belt in the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
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摘要: 位于青藏高原东缘的北东向龙门山逆冲带，研究已经证明是中生代与新生代前陆复合扩展和生长的结果。然而，2008年5·12汶川地震地表破裂、余震和滑坡等的单向和分段迁移现象，对龙门山复合逆冲带的结构认识提出了挑战。文章在已有研究成果基础上，针对龙门山复合生长下构建的特殊结构进行了野外调查和构造解析。结果表明，以中生代与新生代两期前陆逆冲带复合生长为基础，龙门山复合逆冲带具有特殊的、主要由前陆逆冲楔叠加后形成的复合结构，而且这种复合逆冲楔具有分级和时序特征；中生代前陆逆冲楔是以逆冲断层-褶皱为特征，并分别组合形成碧口厚皮逆冲推覆体、唐王寨薄皮逆冲推覆体和龙王庙逆冲推覆体，总体从晚三叠世以前开始，至~160 Ma向南递进扩展生长；新生代前陆逆冲楔由逆冲断层和逆冲岩片组成，分为约35~10 Ma和10 Ma以来两个阶段，向南东向递进扩展生长，并可能与川西盆地东侧龙泉山构造相连通。因此，龙门山逆冲带具有前陆逆冲带和生长过程的双重复合结构。Abstract: It has been proved that the NE-trending Longmenshan thrust belt in the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was a composite of the expansion and growth of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic foreland thrust belts. However, puzzle is remained for the unidirectional and segmented migration of earth surface failures, aftershocks, and landslides of the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. This puzzle challenges the understanding for the texture of the Longmenshan composite thrust belt. Based on the previous studies, this paper applied geological investigation and structural analysis focusing on a possible special texture produced by the composite growth of the Longmenshan thrust belt. The results reveal a composite texture produced by the growth of the Cenozoic foreland thrust belt superimposed over the Mesozoic foreland thrust belt with foundation of the composite thrust wedge. The composite thrust wedge could be graded with formational sequence. The Mesozoic foreland thrust wedges are characterized by thrust fault-related anticlines. Thrust complexes of Bikou, Tangwangzhai and Longwangmiao, which are combined by foreland thrust wedges, were initiated before the late Triassic (237 Ma) and terminated at ~160 Ma. The Cenozoic foreland thrust wedge is composed of thrust fault and sheet, and was staged produced by SE-ward progressive propagation at about 35~10 Ma and 10 Ma, respectively. This thrust wedge propagation might result in the Longquanshan uplift in the east of the western Sichuan basin. Therefore, the Longmenshan foreland thrust belt has characteristics of composite texture and composite growth.
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图 1 青藏高原东部与扬子板块西部区域构造图(Yan et al., 2018b；底图据四川省区域地质志，1991和黄崇轲，2001修改)
Figure 1. Geological map of the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the western Yangtze block (Yan et al., 2018b; Base map is modified after SBGMR, 1991; Huang, 2001)
图 2 龙门山复合逆冲带逆冲推覆构造图及ABC构造剖面图(据Yan et al., 2018a修改)
Figure 2. Regional tectonic map of the Longmenshan Tectonic Complex and the ABC geological section (modified after Yan et al., 2018a)
图 3 龙门山复合逆冲构造带及邻近各主要构造单元区域地层层序与接触关系(据Yan et al, 2018b和四川省地质矿产局，1991修改)
Figure 3. Stratigraphic correlation diagram of the Longmenshan Tectonic Complex and its adjacent main structural units (modified after Yan et al, 2018b; SBGMR, 1991)
图 4 碧口(a—d)、唐王寨(e—f)和龙王庙(g—h)逆冲推覆体构造样式照片与组构测量(照片位置见图 2；数据据Yan et al., 2018a)
a—碧口群D1期不对称褶皱指示向南逆冲，褶皱并被D2期长英质岩脉切割；b—文县北侧三叠系中的断展褶皱指示向南的逆冲；c—WX-073花岗质糜棱岩及其S-C组构，沿组构生长的白云母单矿物用于40Ar/39Ar测年；d—推覆体下盘震旦系中发育的糜棱岩及其S-C组构，沿组构生长的白云母单矿物用于40Ar/39Ar测年(WX-103)；e—泥盆系中脆韧性剪切带与S-C组构，指示向SW的逆冲构造；f—泥盆系中发育的小型断坪-断坡构造；g—泥盆系中发育的不对称至倒转背斜和沿倒转翼发育的三角带构造，指示可能转化为运动学向南的逆冲断层；h—龙王庙逆冲推覆体综合的小断层与擦痕线理等，总体指示向SSE—SW的逆冲构造
Figure 4. Photographs and structural fabrics of Bikou (a-d), Tangwangzhai (e-f) and Longwangmiao (g-h) thrust complex with locations in Fig. 2 (Data are from Yan et al., 2018a)
图 5 D3期逆冲推覆样式与运动学(野外照片位置见图 2)
a—歇马坪-清平断层和断层相关褶皱，以及断层在擦痕线理等指示向SE逆冲作用和右行走滑作用；b—断坡及断层岩组成；c—穿过龙门山复合逆冲带主要构造带的深地震反射剖面及构造解释(Feng et al., 2016, 位置见图 2剖面DE)
Figure 5. Structural style and kinematics of the D3 thrust (Photograph of locations are shown in Fig. 2)
图 6 龙门山复合逆冲带形成时间
a—WX-073白云母40Ar/39Ar测年结果；b—WX-103白云母40Ar/39Ar测年结果；c—据Yan et al., 2018a修改的各逆冲推覆体起始与结束时间关系图
Figure 6. Formation time of the Longmenshan Tectonic Complex
图 7 龙门山复合生长逆冲带结构模式图
Figure 7. Tectonic model sketch of the Longmenshan Tectonic Complex
表 1 40Ar/39Ar测年结果
Table 1. 40Ar/39Ar dating results
WX-073, 白云母, 38 mg, J=0.001969, 样品位置: 32°44′33″N, 105°20′29″E T/℃ (40Ar/39Ar)m (36Ar/39Ar)m (37Ar/39Ar)m (40Arr/39Ark)m 39Ar/×10-8ccSTP 39Ar/% 40Arr/40Art/% age/Ma ±aσ/Ma 750 938.129 3.016 0.428 46.847 0.027 5.53 6.23 159.17 48.39 850 267.953 0.591 0.089 93.355 0.091 18.51 35.69 304.41 5.30 930 164.684 0.197 0.237 106.447 0.134 27.46 65.09 343.27 4.77 980 144.210 0.119 0.301 109.207 0.081 16.50 76.03 351.36 7.34 1020 143.939 0.104 0.380 113.165 0.073 14.97 78.88 362.89 5.65 1060 213.086 0.330 1.181 115.860 0.028 5.83 54.92 370.71 13.52 1100 378.614 0.858 3.250 125.493 0.011 2.28 33.93 398.36 49.91 1140 481.734 1.047 2.782 173.061 0.008 1.65 36.68 529.00 52.84 1180 602.156 1.683 3.540 105.500 0.005 1.10 18.55 340.49 151.07 1220 684.689 1.865 2.932 134.222 0.005 1.00 20.61 423.05 79.06 1280 753.303 1.889 5.283 196.163 0.006 1.29 26.90 589.18 115.34 1340 322.537 0.915 5.533 52.803 0.008 1.72 17.39 178.44 69.01 1400 230.617 0.636 4.505 43.227 0.011 2.16 19.74 147.36 30.31 平均年龄=352 Ma, 等时线年龄=351±35 Ma WX-103, 白云母, 25.3 mg, J=0.001971, 样品位置: 32°17′53″N, 104°45′37″E 750 56.294 0.098 0.046 27.463 0.175 3.56 49.45 95.10 1.78 850 52.987 0.036 0.014 42.227 1.038 21.06 79.96 144.23 1.97 930 53.396 0.006 0.007 51.487 1.344 27.29 96.47 174.37 2.36 980 66.911 0.010 0.005 64.013 0.701 14.24 95.72 214.35 2.87 1020 75.533 0.009 0.030 72.882 0.500 10.14 96.53 242.14 3.25 1060 83.981 0.013 0.047 80.165 0.376 7.64 95.51 264.65 5.48 1100 92.926 0.025 0.043 85.531 0.233 4.73 92.14 281.05 3.77 1140 92.985 0.027 0.121 84.933 0.188 3.81 91.44 279.23 3.77 1180 95.088 0.025 0.091 87.856 0.188 3.81 92.49 288.11 3.86 1220 109.327 0.037 0.008 98.284 0.112 2.27 90.03 319.44 4.38 1280 173.009 0.123 0.497 136.648 0.038 0.78 79.23 430.24 6.89 1340 297.001 0.373 1.759 187.173 0.014 0.29 63.42 566.49 22.97 1400 232.044 0.355 0.898 127.279 0.018 0.37 55.40 403.80 16.20 总气体年龄=205.3 Ma, 反等时线年龄=223±27 Ma (steps 5~10) 注：表中下标m=测量值，t=整体值，r=释放值 
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