The types, characteristics and mechanism of seismic migration
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摘要: 地震活动的迁移是指地震沿着某一方向循序地发生，是地震活动总体无序中局部出现的有序结构。通过系统分析区域上典型的地震迁移现象可以发现，迁移可划分为沿断裂走向的纵向迁移、垂直断裂走向的横向迁移与岩石圈尺度的深源迁移三大类。结合具体的实例分析，可初步归纳出纵向迁移（包括单向、双向、反复和跳跃式迁移等常见形式）、横向迁移和深源地震迁移的主要特征，并初步估算出了不同类型迁移的速度值，其中沿全球板块边界纵向迁移平均速度约为V=569 km/a，沿亚板块边界的平均速度约为V=120 km/a，沿大陆内部断裂带平均速度约为V=50 km/a。横向迁移相对比较复杂，初步发现在东亚存在两种速度分别为约20 km/a、50 km/a的迁移现象。而深源地震迁移速度的全球平均值大约为360 km/a。地震的纵向与横向迁移都存在不同层次和级别，也存在多种不同频率、能量与速度的形变波与迁移现象，这很可能是区域上大地震丛集活动过程中断层相互作用、地震应力触发和岩石圈尺度的形变波传播等因素共同作用的结果，而这种大空间尺度上的地震迁移现象的存在及其所具有的规律性特征，显然可为开展区域地震危险性分析提供新的思路和方法参考。Abstract: The migration of seismicity refers to the sequential occurrence of earthquakes in a certain direction, which is the ordered structure in the local area in the overall disorder of seismicity. Through the systematic analysis of the typical seismic migration phenomena in the region, it can be found that the migrations can be divided into three categories:longitudinal migration along the fault strike, transverse migration along the vertical fault strike and deep source migration on the lithosphere scale. Combined with the analysis of specific examples, the main characteristics of vertical migration (including one-way, two-way, repeated and jumping migration), horizontal migration and deep source earthquake migration can be preliminarily summarized, and the velocity values of different types of migrations can be preliminarily estimated, among which the average velocity of vertical migration along the global plate boundary is about 569 km/a, the average velocity along the sub plate boundary is about 120 km/a, and the average velocity along the continental internal fault zone is about 34 km/a. The horizontal migration is relatively complex. It is found that there are two kinds of migration phenomena in East Asia, one is about 20 km/a, the other is about 50 km/a. The global average migration velocity of deep source earthquakes is about 360 km/a. There are different levels and grades of vertical and horizontal migration of earthquakes, and there are also many kinds of deformation waves and migration phenomena with different frequencies, energy and velocities, which may be the result of the interaction of interruption layers in the process of large earthquake clustering activity, the triggering of seismic stress and the propagation of deformation waves on the scale of lithosphere, and it is obvious that the existence and regularity of this kind of earthquake migration phenomenon on the scale of large space can provide new ideas and method reference for regional seismic risk analysis.
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Key words:
- tectonic system /
- seismic migration /
- stress triggering /
- strain wave /
- seismic hazard analysis
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图 1 纵向地震迁移的类型图(纵座标为断裂或地震带走向，横坐标为时间)
a—单向；b—定向重复；c—双向；d—往返；e—相向汇聚；f—跳迁
Figure 1. The type maps of the longitudinal seismic migration (the longitudinal coordinate indicates fault or seismic belt direction, the abscissa indicates time)
图 6 1800—2014年华北—川滇强震时序图
a—M-t图；b—ΣN图；c—1960—2014年ΣN图
Figure 6. Time sequence diagram of strong earthquakes in North China, Sichuan and Yunnan from 1800 to 2014
图 7 地震高潮期大震组图
a—1966—1976年华北大震分布；b—1668—1739年华北西北大震分布；c—1970—1976年川滇大震分布
Figure 7. Seismograms of frequent periods of large earthquakes
图 8 1600—1739年日本岛弧-亚洲大陆特大地震及活火山喷发事件迁移时空分布图示
a—从东向西；b—从南向北(圆点为地震，米号为火山)
Figure 8. Spatial and temporal distribution diagram of the great earthquakes and active volcanic eruption events in Japan island arc-Asia continent from 1600 to 1739
图 9 1600—1739年西太平洋俯冲带—亚洲大陆的地震及火山活动横向迁移与低速迁移(赵根模和姚兰予, 1995)(黑色实心圆为地震，红色实心圆为火山，曲线为模拟形变波波阵面，箭头为波传播方向)
Figure 9. Transverse low-speed migration of earthquakes and volcanic activities on the West Pacific subduction zone-Asian continent from 1600 to 1739 (Zhao and Yao, 1995(black solid circle indicates earthquake; red solid circle indicates volcano; curve indicates deformation wave front; arrow indicates direction of wave propagation).
图 10 1703—1879年地震横向迁移图
Figure 10. Transverse migrations of earthquakes from 1703 to 1879
图 11 1763—1927年地震横向迁移图
Figure 11. Transverse migrations of earthquakes from 1763 to 1927
图 12 1896—1976年地震横向迁移图
Figure 12. Transverse migrations of earthquakes from 1896 to 1976
图 13 1400—2000年东亚大地震横向迁移时空分布图象(黑色直线为第一速度(低速)，虚线为第二速度(中速)，黑色实心圆为地震，红色实心圆为火山爆发，速度单位km/a)
Figure 13. The spatial and temporal distribution of the transverse migration of the East Asian earthquakes from 1400 to 2000 (The velocity unit is km/a. Black line indicates the first speed (low speed); dashed line indicates the second speed (intermediate speed); solid black circle indicates earthquake, solid red circle indicates volcanic eruption)
图 14 环太平洋俯冲带深源地震迁移
Figure 14. Deep source seismic migration of the Circum Pacific subduction zone
图 16 地震破裂类型(长方形代表地震断层纵断面，星号代表始破裂点，箭头表示破裂方向，弧线为随时间变化位置的破裂前沿)
a—单侧；b—双侧；c—不对称双侧
Figure 16. Earthquake rupture types (Rectangle represents the vertical section of seismic fault; asterisk represents the beginning point of the crack; arrow represents the direction of rupture and arc line represents the fracture front changed with time)
图 17 大地震应力场和形变示意图(上为断层应力场，中为垂直形变，下为水平形变)
a—逆冲；b—正断；c—走滑
Figure 17. The stress field and deformation schematic diagram of great earthquake (The above diagram is the fault stress field; the middle is the vertical deformation; the bottom is the horizontal deformation)
图 18 形变波传播方式示意图
a—横向迁移(图中y轴代表断层走向，x轴代表时间，z轴代表与断层垂直方向，即形变波传播方向，E1, E2, E3, E4数字为波阵面，t表示形变波随时间传播进程)；b—直线形断层；c—弧形断层(号为地震破裂带上的点源，圆形为点源辐射波，虚线为波阵面)
Figure 18. Sketch map of deformation wave propagation mode
图 19 深源地震迁移的两种模式可能同时存在
Figure 19. Two modes of deep source seismic migration may exist simultaneously
图 20 地震纵向迁移速度Vm与地块边界构造运动速率Vt的关系
Figure 20. The relationship between Vm (seismic longitudinal migration velocity) and Vt (tectonic movement speed of block boundary)
表 1 地震纵向迁移速度与构造运动速率比较表
Table 1. Comparison table of seismic longitudinal migration velocity and tectonic movement speed
地震迁移速度 构造运动速率 地区 Vm/(km/a) Vt/(mm/a) 资料 南美俯冲带 110, 143, 320, 370, 390 79, 83, 100, 111 Kasahara, 1979; 見野和夫, 1988; 金森博雄等, 1992; 洪汉净等, 2001 阿拉斯加 450 59, 66 同上 阿留申 450 25, 27 同上 堪察加 450 82, 93 同上 日本西南—菲律宾 275 38, 41, 57, 74 同上 苏门答腊—汤加—新西兰—巴雷尼 614，612，1950, 280, 640 66, 67, 79 同上 欧非边界、地中海 85, 158, 366 7, 8, 20, 28 同上 喜马拉雅 75 12, 43, 49, 61 同上 帕米尔—贝加尔 63, 75 3.1, 6.1, 6.3, 2~5, 6~12, 10~13 同上 南北带 17.9, 27.5, 210 8, 12, 16 同上 阿尔泰 63 4.5, 7 同上 昆仑 70 6, 8.8 同上 喀喇昆仑 18 2.6 同上 祁连山 83 3.8, 4.8, 5.1 同上 汾渭 60 1.4，2.6 同上 河北平原 40 2 同上 
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