CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CENOZOIC CAP ROCK AND ITS CONTROL ON HYDROCARBON IN THE WESTERN BOHAI SEA AREA
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摘要: 渤海西部海域新生代盖层发育情况与油气富集密切相关。利用渤西地区丰富的钻井资料、测井资料、取心分析化验资料等对研究区新生代盖层发育特征、封闭性及其对油气成藏的控制作用开展了研究。研究结果表明，该区主要发育东二段下部、明下段下部及明下段上部3套区域泥质岩盖层，东二段下部区域泥岩盖层相比于明下段两套区域泥岩盖层具有单层泥岩厚度大、色暗、质纯、高泥地比、横向分布稳定及更高成岩阶段等特点，东二段下部泥岩盖层封闭性好于明下段泥岩盖层；东二段下部区域泥岩盖层控制了油气在凹陷区域深部沙河街组、东营组的聚集成藏并决定了油气朝沙垒田古隆起上倾方向运移，明化镇组下段区域"终极盖层"与断裂共同作用控制了整个渤西地区新近系的油气富集程度；提出了"周边凹陷东二下区域泥岩盖层底面构造脊输导体系"、"凸起斜坡及内部明下段泥岩盖层、断裂‘耦合’油气输导体系"两种区域盖层控制下的油气输导模式。Abstract: The development of the Cenozoic cap rock in the western Bohai sea area is closely related to hydrocarbon accumulation. In order to clarify the control of cap rock on hydrocarbon enrichment, based on the drilling data, logging data and coring analysis data, the development characteristics of the Cenozoic cap rock and the sealing capacity were studied in the western Bohai sea area. The results show that:three sets of regional mudstone cap rocks are recognized in the study area, which are lower second member of the Dongying Formation(E3d2L), lower of the lower Minghuazhen Formation(N2mL), and upper of the lower Minghuazhen Formation. Compared with two sets of mudstone cap rocks in N2mL, the mudstone cap rock in E3d2L has the characteristics of large thickness, dark color, pure quality, high mud-land ratio, more stable lateral distribution and higher diagenetic stage. The mudstone cap rock of E3d2L has better sealing ability than the N2mL. Hydrocarbon accumulation and distribution in the Dongying Formation and the Shahejie Formation are controlled by E3d2L regional cap rock, which drives the migration of hydrocarbon toward the updip side of the Shaleitian paleo uplift. The "ultimate caprock" of N2mL and faults control the degree of hydrocarbon enrichment of Neogene in the western Bohai sea area. Two kinds of regional cap rock-controlled conduction modes, "the structural ridge transport system of mudstone cap rock in E3d2L around depression" and "the hydrocarbon migration system of mudstone cap rock and fault interaction on uplift slope and above in N2mL", are proposed.
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图 1 渤西地区构造单元划分及区域盖层发育情况
Figure 1. Tectonic units and regional cap rock distribution in the western Bohai Sea area
图 2 过沙垒田凸起东西向连井层序格架及区域盖层垂向分布特征
Figure 2. Sequence stratigraphic framework cross the Shaleitian uplift and the vertical distribution characteristics of regional cap rock
图 3 渤西地区东二段下部累计泥岩厚度平面展布图
Figure 3. Accumulative thickness map of the lower E3d2L in the western Bohai Sea area
图 4 渤西地区明下段累计泥岩厚度平面展布图
Figure 4. Accumulative thickness map of the lower N2mL in the western Bohai Sea area
图 5 渤西地区明化镇下段及东二段不同类型泥岩盖层镜下特征
a—泥岩，C6-4井，1720 m(正交光)，明下段，泥状结构，含砂砾碎屑颗粒、铁方解石颗粒，微裂缝发育；b—砂质泥岩，C6-4井，1650 m(正交光)，明下段，砂质泥状结构，泥质被铁质浸染，形成红色氧化铁；c—含钙砂质泥岩，C6-4井，1765 m(正交光)，明下段，铁方解石胶结，微裂缝发育；d—粉砂质泥岩，C21-3井，1965 m(单偏光)，东二下段，粉砂质泥状结构，粉砂岩成条带状分布；e—含砂泥岩，C6-4井，2254 m(正交光)，东二下段，泥状结构，大量红褐色泥质重结晶呈鳞片状及纤维状较均匀分布；f—含灰质泥岩，C6-4井，2306 m(正交光)，东二下段，见泥质、石英及长石被方解石胶结交代
Figure 5. Mudstone microscopic photographs of the E3d2L and N2mL in the western Bohai Sea area
图 6 渤西地区断裂活动速率及成藏期次分析
Figure 6. Fault activity rate and hydrocarbon accumulation stage in the western Bohai Sea area
图 7 渤海海域地区新近系主要油田发育情况与泥岩盖层的关系
SZ36-1—绥中36-1油藏；LD27-2—旅大27-2油藏；LD32-2—旅大32-2油藏；CFD11-1—曹妃甸11-1油藏；CFD12-1—曹妃甸12-1油藏；QHD32-6—秦皇岛32-6油藏；PL14-3—蓬莱14-3油藏；BZ26-2—渤中26-2油藏
Figure 7. The relationship between major oil fields and mudstone cap rock thickness of the Neogene in the Bohai Sea area
图 8 区域盖层发育及对油气运聚的控制作用
a—明下段油气优势运移路径数值模拟；b—明下段区域泥岩盖层底面构造等值图(成熟烃源岩(图中蓝色虚线所示区域)生成的油气经泥岩盖层底面构造脊(红色箭头所示)、活动断裂(紫色箭头所示)构成的复合输导体系，向凸起部位运移)；c—渤西地区油气成藏模式简图(深部“烃源灶”生成的油气在东二下段、明下段区域盖层以及断裂双重控制下聚集成藏)
Figure 8. Hydrocarbon migration and accumulation control by the development of regional cap rocks
表 1 渤西地区明化镇组及东营组区域泥岩盖层厚度统计表
Table 1. Thickness of the regional mudstone cap rocks in the Minghuazhen and Dongying Formation in the western Bohai Sea area
区域井号 歧口凹陷 沙南凹陷 南堡凹陷 渤中凹陷 沙垒田西凸起 沙垒田东凸起 Q17-1-2 Q18-2-1 C14-5-3 C16-2-1 N31-3-1 N35-1-1D C12-6-1 B8-4-1 C1-6-1 C8-2-1 C11-1-3 C11-6-2 明下段 地层厚度/m 1126 644 458 727 518 585 779 1011 946 642 481 584 单层泥岩厚度/m 2~71 3~107 2~83 2~35 2~54 2~34 2~30 2~101 2~94 2~31 2~43 2~38 泥岩累计厚度/m 761 474 188 331 229 340 493 582 717 350 133 295 泥地比/% 67.58 73.60 41.05 45.53 44.21 58.12 63.29 57.57 75.79 54.52 27.65 50.51 东二下段 地层厚度/m 182 217 290 286 334 374 549 187 223 / / 40 单层泥岩厚度/m 2~47 6~122 2~111 8~65 2~45 3~31 4~74 3~91 2~57 / / 4~22 泥岩累计厚度/m 155 148 236 244 237 218 466 141 97 / / 26 泥地比/% 85.16 68.20 81.38 85.31 70.96 58.29 84.88 75.40 43.50 / / 65.00 合计 地层厚度/m 1308 861 748 1013 852 959 1328 1198 1169 642 481 624 泥岩累计厚度/m 916 622 424 575 466 558 959 723 814 350 133 321 泥地比/% 70.03 72.24 56.68 56.76 54.69 58.19 72.21 60.35 69.63 54.52 27.65 51.44 注：区域泥岩盖层厚度统计下限为2 m；单层厚度小于2 m的泥岩层未做统计；“/”表示未发育该段地层 
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表 2 渤西地区泥岩盖层样品排替压力测试数据
Table 2. Displacement of mudstone cap rock samples tested in laboratory in the western Bohai Sea area
样品号 井号 层位 岩性 深度/m 排替压力/MPa 1 C11-1-3 明下段 泥岩 1320.15 1.76 2 C16-2-1 明下段 粉砂质泥岩 1415.32 1.32 3 C16-2-1 明下段 泥岩 1476.08 2.04 4 C16-2-1 明下段 泥岩 1409.90 3.26 5 C11-6-2 明下段 泥岩 1185.30 2.75 6 C11-6-2 明下段 粉砂质泥岩 1203.64 1.46 7 C11-6-2 明下段 泥岩 1270.62 3.09 8 C14-5-3 东二下段 泥岩 2002.65 4.01 9 C14-5-3 东二下段 泥岩 2005.25 3.25 10 C14-5-3 东二下段 泥岩 2231.61 3.37 11 Q18-2-1 东二下段 泥岩 2777.40 5.18 12 Q18-2-1 东二下段 粉砂质泥岩 2650.26 2.51 13 Q18-2-1 东二下段 泥岩 3323.28 8.26 14 Q18-2-1 东二下段 泥岩 3390.51 7.06 15 C16-2-1 东二下段 粉砂质泥岩 1945.31 2.31
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