FORMATION MECHANISM OF HIGH-QUALITY RESERVOIRS IN THE UPPER PERMIAN CHANGXING FORMATION IN YUANBA GAS FIELD, NORTHEASTERN SICHUAN BASIN
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摘要: 川东北元坝气田为千亿储量的海相气田, 上二叠统长兴组礁滩相气藏具有埋藏深、高温、高压、高含硫化氢、气-水关系及工程地质条件复杂等特征。优质储层主要为礁滩相的白云岩, 具有物性好、非均质性强、含气性好的特点。研究表明, 台地边缘生物礁及台地边缘浅滩相控制了有利的储层岩石组合类型与分布, 是优质储层发育的基础; 白云石化作用和溶蚀作用改善和提高了储层岩石的孔隙度, 构造活动形成的多期裂缝提高了储层的渗流性能, 沉积-成岩-构造破裂等多因素的综合作用和合理配置是川东北元坝地区长兴组优质白云岩储层形成关键。Abstract: The Yuanba gas field located in the northwestern Sichuan Basin contains the original in-place gas volume of more than one hundred billion cubic meters identified in marine strata. The Upper Permian Changxing Formation as the main gas reservoir for the field is characterized by an abundance of H2S gas, and is typically buried at deep depths where it is subjected to high temperatures and pressures, gas and water distribution systems are intricate and engineer geology conditions are complicated within it. The dolomites of reef and shoal facies in the Changxing Formation have been regarded as high-quality reservoirs, which exhibits high porosity and permeability, high reservoir heterogeneity, considerable gas production capacity. The aim of this study is to improve the understanding of the dolomite origin using the carbon and oxygen isotopes and the high-quality reservoir formation at deep and ultra-deep depths by analyzing strong correlations in reservoir petrography, depositional facies, diagenesis and fracture development system in detail. The research shows that platform-margin reef and shoal facies in the study area are the most favorable facies belts controlling high-quality reservoir formation because reservoir rock types and spatial geometry are generally determined by depositional characteristics. Dolomitization and dissolution is significantly helpful in increasing reservoir porosity. Multi-history fracture system appearing tectonic in originis very constructive to improve reservoir permeability. It is possibly fair to say that the high-quality reservoir formation in the Changxing Formation was determined by synthetic configurations and dynamic interplays between multiple geological processes and factors.
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图 1 YB-XA井长兴组下段浅缓坡生屑滩及滩间沉积剖面图
Figure 1. Sedimentological section showing carbonate rampbioclastshoal and inter-shoal facies in the Lower Member of the Changxing Formation in the Well YB-XA
图 2 长兴组埋藏白云石化作用模式
Figure 2. Schematic diagram showing the burial dolomitization in the Changxing Formation
图 3 压实压溶作用特征
Figure 3. Microphotograph and core photo showing mechanical compaction and pressure dissolution
图 4 长兴组储层充填胶结作用
Figure 4. Microphotograph showing diagenetic cementation in the Changxing Formation
图 6 长兴组储层两期溶蚀作用特征(左为中期，右为晚期；10倍，单偏光)
Figure 6. Microphotograph showing two-stage dissolution occurred in the Changxing Formation
图 7 元坝地区长兴组岩心的多期构造裂缝
Figure 7. Core photo showing multi-history tectonic-related fracture
图 8 元坝地区长兴组不同相带储层物征对比
Figure 8. Histogram showing depositional facies and the variation of porosity
图 9 长兴组生物礁沉积模式
Figure 9. Schematic diagram showing carbonate reef deposition occurred in the Changxing Formation
表 1 长兴组白云岩类储层物性特征
Table 1. Dolomite reservoir properties in the Changxing Formation
岩性 孔隙度/% 平均孔隙度/% 渗透率/10-3 μm2 几何平均渗透率/10-3μm2 晶粒白云岩 1.22~24.65 8.81 0.0028~2571.9026 2.2698 残余生屑白云岩 2.01~21.44 8.05 0.0098~2385.4826 1.8343 残余生屑白云岩 2.26~6.27 3.79 0.0353~2.8663 0.4314 灰质白云岩 0.82~11.05 3.82 0.0045~60.0167 0.2400 
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表 2 元坝地区长兴组白云石碳氧稳定同位素部分样品分析结果统计
Table 2. Carbon and oxygen isotopic analysis of dolomites in the Changxing Formation in Yuanba area
序号 井号 岩心块号 产状描述 δ13C/‰ δ18O/‰ Z值 T/℃ 1 YB-X2 7 49/51 颗粒白云岩，以微晶白云石为主 1.56 -3.87 128.57 32.04 2 YB-X2 6 2/18 主要为微晶白云石 2.27 -3.32 130.30 29.38 3 YB-X9 8 3/22 以粉-微晶白云石为主 4.28 -4.88 133.64 36.99 4 YB-X1 3 12/30 主要为藻云岩微晶白云石 2.84 -5.03 130.61 37.73 5 YB-X3 8 7/47 粉—细晶它形脏白云石 3.80 -5.71 132.24 41.11 6 YB-X7 5 4/25 粉—细晶它形脏白云石 3.23 -5.73 131.06 41.21 7 YB-X2 12 32/92 主要为粉—细晶它形脏白云石 2.03 -5.15 128.89 38.32 8 YB-X9 7 3/27 粉—细晶它形脏白云石 4.02 -5.27 132.91 38.92 9 YB-X11 4 13/87 以粉—细晶它形白云石为主 4.55 -5.09 134.08 38.03 10 YB-X12 2 1/73 粉—细晶它形脏白云石为主 5.56 -5.35 136.02 39.32 11 YB-X22 7 31/56 主要为细晶它形脏白云石 5.03 -4.85 135.19 36.84 12 YB-X23 24 42/42 细晶它形脏白云石 4.66 -5.41 134.15 39.61 13 YB-X4 6 3/51 粉—细晶它形脏白云石为主 4.82 -5.17 134.60 38.42 14 YB-X2 8 6/47 细晶自形白云石，脏 3.82 -5.51 132.38 40.11 15 YB-X27 7 25/29 细—中晶自形白云石，具雾心亮边 3.66 -5.18 132.22 38.47 16 YB-X23 23 22/43 中—细晶自形白云石为主 4.76 -5.73 134.19 41.21 17 YB-X29 2 17/18 溶蚀孔洞中—细晶自形白云石 3.97 -5.80 132.54 41.56 18 YB-X4 5 30/36 细晶自形白云石占优势 4.77 -5.50 134.33 40.06 19 YB-X1 3 12/30 溶孔细晶自形白云石较多 2.88 -5.23 130.59 38.72 20 YB-X02 7 2/21 细—中晶自形白云石 3.01 -5.34 130.81 39.27 注:数据来源于成都理工大学李国蓉
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表 3 生物礁不同位置钻遇储层参数统计
Table 3. Parameters of the reservoirs in different locations of carbonate reef
礁体位置 储层厚度/m Ⅰ类储层厚度/m Ⅱ类储层厚度/m Ⅲ类储层厚度/m 平均孔隙/% 礁盖 39.9 2.5 18.2 19.2 5.2 礁核 14.8 0 2.0 12.8 3.2 礁基 0.6 0 0.1 0.5 0.5
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