吐哈盆地硫磺山铜多金属矿床表生黄钾铁矾<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar定年及对风化、地貌演化及古气候的启示

杨静; 郑德文; 陈文; 武颖; 许英霞; 杨莉

吐哈盆地硫磺山铜多金属矿床表生黄钾铁矾⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar定年及对风化、地貌演化及古气候的启示

杨静^1,,
郑德文²,
陈文³,
武颖²,
许英霞⁴,
杨莉³

1.
中国地质科学院地质力学研究所, 北京 100081
2.
地震动力学国家重点实验室(中国地震局地质研究所), 北京 100029
3.
中国地质科学院地质研究所, 北京 100037
4.
华北理工大学矿业工程学院, 唐山 063009

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 41403047

国家自然科学基金项目 41272215

中国地质调查局地质调查项目"特殊地质地貌区填图试点 DD20160060

详细信息

作者简介:
杨静(1984-), 女, 助理研究员, 主要从事热年代学研究。Email:yangjing_822822@163.com

中图分类号: P597
计量
- 文章访问数: 432
- HTML全文浏览量: 200
- PDF下载量: 35
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2016-11-01
- 刊出日期: 2017-04-01

⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar GEOCHRONOLOGY OF SUPERGENE JAROSITE FROM LIUHUANGSHAN COPPER POLYMETALLIC DEPOSITS IN Tu-Ha BASIN AND THE ENLIGHMENT TO WEATHERING, LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION AND PALEOCLIMATE

1.
Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Science, Beijing, 100081, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics(Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration), Beijing, 100029, China
3.
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Science, Beijing, 100037, China
4.
School of mining engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063009, Hebei

摘要

摘要: 黄钾铁矾是干旱—半干旱地区硫化物矿床氧化带中一种常见表生含钾硫酸盐矿物，对其进行⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar年代学研究，不仅可以直接限定硫化物矿床次生富集的时间，还可以为区域地貌形成演化和古气候演变等重大地质事件提供关键的年代学信息。本文对中国新疆吐哈盆地硫磺山铜多金属矿床氧化带中三个表生黄钾铁矾样品进行了⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar定年，第一次获得了始新世的风化矿物的年龄。结合已发表的年龄数据显示：在吐哈盆地，海拔较高的矿床氧化带剖面（如硫磺山矿床）记录了基岩的持续和较完整的区域风化事件，这些老的风化年龄的存在证明了剥蚀并不是均匀的，即其地貌演化遵循的是斜坡后退模型。对于吐哈盆地的古气候，这些表生硫酸盐的年龄表明：始新世以来吐哈盆地曾多次出现过有利于化学风化和硫化物矿床次生富集的干旱—半干旱气候，且主要集中在以下几个时期：27.7~23.3 Ma、16.4~14.7 Ma、11~7.8 Ma，之后气候开始向极端干旱气候转变，4.1~3.3 Ma之后吐哈盆地可能已经流行大规模的极端干旱气候。
- 黄钾铁矾 /
- ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar年代学 /
- 硫磺山铜多金属矿床 /
- 风化 /
- 地貌演化 /
- 古气候
Abstract: Supergene jarosite is widely distributed in oxidation zone of sulphide deposits in arid-semiarid area. Precise ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age constraints of supergene jarosite can not only define the timing of sulfide secondary enrichment, but also provide key information on the geochronology to the regional geomorphic evolution and paleoclimatic evolution. In this article, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar laser incremental heating analysis of jarosite from the Liuhuangshan copper polymetallic deposit in Tu-Ha Basin is conducted, and the age of Eocene weathering mineral is defined for the first time. Combined with the published chronology data, it indicates that the profile of oxidation zone of ore deposit from the higher elevation sites recorded the more complete and lasting regional weathering events. The presence of ancient weathering ages in current outcrops in Tu-Ha Basin suggests that denudation was not homogeneous, and the landscape evolution followed a scarp retreat model. The ages in this present study and published ages demonstrate that chemical weathering and supergene enrichment under an arid-semiarid climate are mainly concentrated in the following period:27.7~23.3、16.4~14.7、11~7.8 Ma. After the 11~7.8 Ma, a progressive change from arid-semiarid climate towards hyperarid climatic, and predominantly hyperarid climate may had persisted at least since 4.1~3.3 Ma.
- jarosite /
- ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology /
- Liuhuangshan copper polymetallic deposit /
- weathering /
- landscape evolution /
- paleoclimate

HTML全文

图 1 硫磺山铜—多金属矿床地质简图^[26~27]

1—第四纪冲积物、洪积物；2—中上奥陶统硫磺山群灰岩、角砾状灰岩和结晶灰岩；3—硫磺山群结晶生物碎屑灰岩和泥质页岩；4—硫磺山群硅质岩夹灰岩透镜体；5—硫磺山群细砂岩夹安山岩和灰岩透镜体；6—碧玉岩；7—安山岩；8—灰白色石英斑岩；9—海西期草绿色石英斑岩；10—云斜煌斑岩；11—矿体；12—断层

Figure 1. Geological sketch of Liuhuangshan copper-polymetallic deposit

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 硫磺山多金属矿床氧化带中黄钾铁矾的采集剖面

Figure 2. The profile of jarosite sampling of Liuhuangshan copper-polymetallic deposit

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 三个黄钾铁矾样品的扫描电子显微镜的背散射电子图像及其对应的能谱分析

a、b-黄钾铁矾的六方双锥晶形(LHS-06、LHS-10);c-黄钾铁矾的假立方体晶形 (LHS-09)

Figure 3. SEM images (back-scattered electron) and corresponding energy dispersive spectrum analysis of three jarosite samples

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 硫磺山矿床三个黄钾铁矾样品的年龄坪与其对应的反等时线图

黑色圆圈表示用于计算反等时线年龄的阶段，蓝色的圆圈表示没有用于计算反等时线年龄的阶段

Figure 4. Age spectra and comesponding isochrons of three jarosite samples from the Liuhuangshan deposit

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 吐哈盆地表生硫酸盐矿物年龄—高程相关性图解

Figure 5. Diagram of age-elevation relevance of supergene sulfate mineral from Tuha Basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 差异风化与侵蚀—斜坡后退模型示意图^[30]

Figure 6. Diagram of differential weathering and erosion-scarp retreat model

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 硫磺山铜多金属矿床氧化带中三个表生黄钾铁矾激光加热⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar同位素分析结果

Table 1. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar laser incremental heating analysis results of the three jarosite samples from the Liuhuangshan deposit

加热阶段	激光功率/%		³⁶Ar(a)/计数	³⁷Ar(ca)/计数	³⁸Ar(cl)/计数	³⁹Ar(k)/计数	⁴⁰Ar(r)/计数	年龄/Ma	误差(1σ)/Ma	⁴⁰Ar(r)/%	³⁹Ar(k)/%
LHS-06 J=0.00220320±0.00000110
001	2.4		454038.5	0.0	2773.6	64247.1	13368103	682.38	±7.08	9.06	2.65
002	3.0		233013.2	0.0	1335.2	101071.3	5619147	208.95	±3.61	7.55	4.17
003	4.0		285811.6	0.0	1556.6	212203.0	7286304	131.87	±1.62	7.94	8.75
004	4.5		155599.7	0.0	952.1	195338.1	3764719	75.20	±1.59	7.57	8.06
005	5.0		152475.7	0.0	600.7	146294.8	3201065	85.14	±1.49	6.63	6.04
006	5.5		128673.3	0.0	518.2	164419.9	3033754	72.06	±0.97	7.39	6.78
007	6.0		115599.2	0.0	174.2	150989.6	2563535	66.41	±2.10	6.98	6.23
008	7.0	*	95055.3	0.0	74.5	141718.1	1989293	55.08	±1.05	6.61	5.85
009	7.0	*	96472.0	0.0	43.2	142632.5	1995717	54.90	±1.13	6.54	5.88
010	7.5	*	85700.4	0.0	235.8	157629.8	2223797	55.35	±0.88	8.07	6.50
011	8.0	*	87532.7	0.0	0.0	132210.7	1894615	56.21	±0.41	6.82	5.45
012	8.5	*	64408.4	0.0	0.0	109467.6	1563441	56.02	±0.85	7.59	4.52
013	9.0	*	74693.9	0.0	45.8	129864.5	1846148	55.77	±0.43	7.72	5.36
014	9.5	*	74136.3	0.0	0.0	117584.8	1623559	54.19	±0.81	6.90	4.85
015	10.0	*	73072.1	0.0	0.0	119674.2	1699412	55.71	±0.72	7.30	4.94
016	11.0	*	62290.3	0.0	85.8	150716.4	2124124	55.30	±0.94	10.35	6.22
017	12.0	*	81394.0	0.0	244.0	187740.6	2667237	55.73	±0.92	9.98	7.75
LHS-10 J=0.00210794±0.00000105
001	2.0		161095.0	0.0	73.1	13429.8	2167823	529.59	±18.15	4.36	0.50
002	2.5		550143.6	0.0	3864.9	183920.5	14972852	286.39	±2.28	8.43	6.89
003	3.0		234508.2	0.0	831.2	149724.1	4128850	102.17	±2.47	5.62	5.61
004	3.5		256799.3	0.0	1682.8	275988.8	5536562	74.90	±1.35	6.80	10.34
005	4.0	*	195954.5	10988.0	1546.5	308577.1	3928528	47.89	±0.44	6.35	11.56
006	4.5	*	225492.9	0.0	1415.3	318946.4	4079954	48.11	±0.36	5.77	11.95
007	5.0	*	162256.9	0.0	714.9	218448.5	2815326	48.47	±0.93	5.55	8.19
008	5.5	*	126834.7	809.1	903.0	196424.3	2537082	48.58	±0.75	6.34	7.36
009	6.0	*	128162.5	0.0	891.1	198922.7	2677404	50.59	±1.49	6.60	7.46
010	6.5	*	134377.2	0.0	1204.3	195851.6	2490028	47.82	±0.51	5.90	7.34
011	7.0	*	109442.8	0.0	885.3	163467.0	2118509	48.74	±0.61	6.15	6.13
012	8.0	*	146880.5	0.0	1208.9	215033.4	2726256	47.69	±0.88	5.91	8.06
013	9.0	*	153847.8	0.0	1398.3	229536.7	2965634	48.59	±1.16	6.12	8.60
LHS-09 J=0.00212410±0.00000106
001	2.4		142867.1	0.0	0.0	201530.6	2214895	41.73	±1.00	4.98	5.96
002	3.0		38686.2	0.0	0.0	196007.1	1378179	26.81	±0.53	10.76	5.79
003	4.0		24548.1	0.0	0.0	326348.3	2568306	29.98	±0.23	26.15	9.65
004	4.5		22817.1	0.0	0.0	281584.3	2674856	36.12	±0.23	28.40	8.32
005	5.0	*	20227.4	0.0	0.0	241377.7	2569248	40.43	±0.31	30.06	7.14
006	6.0	*	21655.9	0.0	0.0	335786.0	3550995	40.17	±0.19	35.69	9.93
007	7.0	*	27901.9	0.0	56.5	364837.3	3907132	40.67	±0.40	32.15	10.79
008	8.0	*	15111.1	0.0	0.0	227155.5	2399218	40.12	±0.21	34.95	6.72
009	9.0	*	14495.4	0.0	0.0	206766.8	2180267	40.06	±0.31	33.73	6.11
010	10.0	*	11146.6	0.0	0.0	203458.7	2137178	39.90	±0.20	39.35	6.01
011	11.0	*	12904.9	0.0	0.0	196015.9	2074971	40.21	±0.42	35.24	5.79
012	12.0	*	10271.7	0.0	0.0	175183.3	1936765	41.97	±2.31	38.95	5.18
013	13.0	*	12078.5	0.0	0.0	185073.3	1974840	40.53	±0.20	35.62	5.47
014	15.0	*	12292.1	0.0	0.0	241450.1	2573258	40.48	±0.18	41.46	7.14

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 三个表生黄钾铁矾⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar年龄结果

Table 2. Results of ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of three jarosite samples from Liuhuangshan deposit

样品	样品颗粒	坪年龄Age/Ma	反等时线年龄/Ma	⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar	说明
LHS-06	LHS-06-1	55.6±0.2	55.0±1.7	295.8±0.8	微小³⁹Ar反冲, 坪年龄
LHS-10	LHS-10-1	48.2±0.2	48.6±4.3	295.3±1.8	微小³⁹Ar反冲, 坪年龄
LHS-09	LHS-09-1	40.3±0.1	40.1±0.6	296.5±2.5	坪年龄

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(32)

[1]	Alpers C N, Brimhall G H. Middle Miocene climatic change in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile:evidence from supergene mineralization at La Escondida[J]. GSA Bulletin, 1988, 100(10):1640~1656. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1640:MMCCIT>2.3.CO;2
[2]	Clark A, Tosdal R, Farar E, et al. Geomorphologic environment and age of supergene enrichment of the Cuajone, Quellaveco, and Toquepala Porphyry Copper Deposits, Southeastern Peru[J]. Economic Geology, 1990, 85(7):1604~1628. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.85.7.1604
[3]	Vasconcelos P M, Brimhall G H, Becker T, et al. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analysis of supergene jarosite and alunite:implications to the paleoweathering history of western USA and West Africa[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1994, 58(1):401~420. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90473-1
[4]	Vasconcelos P M. K-Ar and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology of weathering processes[J]. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1999, 27(1):183~229. doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.27.1.183
[5]	Vasconcelos P M D. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology of supergene processes in ore deposits[A]. Lambert D, Ruiz J.Reviews in Economic Geology[M]. Chelsea, Michigan, USA:Society of Economic Geologists, 1999, 73~113.
[6]	Bird M I, Chivas A R, McDougall I. An isotopic study of surficial alunite in Australia2.Potassium-argon geochronology[J]. Chemical Geology:Isotope Geoscience Section, 1990, 80(2):133~145. doi: 10.1016/0168-9622(90)90022-5
[7]	Arehart G B, O'Neil J R. Western U.S. continental climate record since 30 Ma as recorded in alunite:comparison with the marine record[A]. 1992 Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America (GSA)[C]. Cincinnati, OH:Geological Society of America, 1992, 24:268.
[8]	Rye R O, Bethke P M, Lanphere M A. Age and stable isotopic systematics of supergene alunite and jarosite from the Creede mining district, Colorado:Implications for supergene processes and Neogene geomorphic evolution and climate of the southern Rocky Mountains[C]. Uinted States:Geological Society of America, 1993, 25:274.
[9]	Sillitoe R H, McKee B H. Age of supergene oxidation and enrichment in the Chilean porphyry copper province[J]. Economic Geology, 1996, 91(1):164~179. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.91.1.164
[10]	Marsh T, Einaudi M, McWilliams M. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology of Cu-Au and Au-Ag mineralization in the Potrerillos District, Chile[J]. Economic Geology, 1997, 92(7/8):784~806. http://www.academia.edu/13072690/3_Geochronology_and_geodynamics_of_Late_Cretaceous_magmatism_and_Cu_Au_mineralization_in_the_Panagyurishte_region_of_the_Apuseni_Banat_Timok_Srednogorie_belt_Bulgaria
[11]	Mote T I, Becker T A, Renne P, et al. Chronology of exotic mineralization at El Salvador, Chile, by ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of copper wad and supergene alunite[J]. Economic Geology, 2001, 96(2):351~366. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.96.2.351
[12]	Bouzari F, Clark A H. Anatomy, evolution, and metallogenic significance of the supergene ore body of the Cerro Colorado Porphyry Copper Deposit, I Region, Northern Chile[J]. Economic Geology, 2002, 97(8):1701~1740. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.97.8.1701
[13]	Quang C X, Clark A H, Lee J K W, et al. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of hypogene and supergene mineralization in the Cerro Verde-Santa Rosa porphyry Cu-Mo cluster, Arequipa, Peru[J]. Economic Geology, 2003, 98(8):1683~1696. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.98.8.1683
[14]	Quang C X, Clark A H, Lee J K W, et al. Response of supergene processes to episodic Cenozoic uplift, pediment erosion, and ignimbrite eruption in the porphyry copper province of southern Perú[J]. Economic Geology, 2005, 100(1):87~114. doi: 10.2113/100.1.0087
[15]	Arancibia G, Matthews S J, Perez D A C. K-Ar and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronologyof supergene processes in the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile:tectonic and climatic relations[J]. Journal of the Geological Society, 2006, 163(1):107~118. doi: 10.1144/0016-764904-161
[16]	Vasconcelos P M, Conroy M. Geochronology of weathering and landscape evolution, Dugald River valley, NW Queensland, Australia[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2003, 67(16):2913~2930. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01372-8
[17]	许英霞, 秦克章, 丁奎首, 等.东天山红山高硫型浅成低温铜金矿床:中生代成矿与新生代氧化的K-Ar、Ar-Ar年代学证据及其古构造和古气候意义[J].岩石学报, 2008, 24(10):2371~2383. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB200810018.htm XU Ying-xia, QIN Ke-zhang, DING Kui-shou, et al. Geochronology evidence of Mesozoic metallogenesis and Cenozoic oxidation at Hongshan HS-epithermal Cu-Au deposit, Kalatage region, eastern Tianshan, and its tectonic and paleoclimatic significances[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2008, 24(10):2371~2383. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB200810018.htm
[18]	何为, 李大明, 郑德文, 等.东天山地区风化矿物黄钾铁矾的K-Ar测年及其环境意义[J].地震地质, 2009, 31(3):415~423. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZDZ200903004.htm HE Wei, LI Da-ming, ZHENG De-wen, et al. K-Ar dating of jarosite in the Eastern Tianshan and its environmental significance[J]. Seismology and Geology, 2009, 31(3):415~423. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZDZ200903004.htm
[19]	Yang J, Zheng D W, Li D M, , et al. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analysis of supergene Yavapaiite and preliminary investigation on Ar closure temperature[J].Science China Earth Sciences, 2012, 55(12):1996~2004. doi: 10.1007/s11430-012-4491-3
[20]	杨静, 郑德文, 邱华宁, 等.吐哈地区表生黄钾铁矾⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar定年及其对晚中新世风化前锋拓展速率的限定[J].科学通报, 2014, 59(30):2956~2963. YANG Jing, ZHENG De-wen, QIU Hua-ning, et al. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology of supergene Jarosite constraints on weathering front propagation rate in the TuHabasin[J].Chinese Science Bulletin, 2014, 59(30):2956~2963.
[21]	Yang J, Zheng D W, Chen W, et al. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology of supergene K-bearing sulfate minerals:Cenozoic continental weathering and its paleoclimatic significance in the Tu-Ha Basin, northwestern China[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2016, 445:83~96, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.01.005.
[22]	涂光炽, 李锡林.干旱和极端干旱气候条件下硫化物矿床氧化带发育特征(以西北五个矿床为例说明)[J].地质学报, 1963, 43(4):361~377. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZXE196304003.htm TU Guang-zhi, LI Xi-lin. Studies on the characteristic features of the oxidation zone of the sulphite deposits in arid to extremely arid regions:with special reference to observations obtained from five sulphide deposits in the Northwestern China[J]. Acta Geological Sinica, 1963, 43(4):361~377. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZXE196304003.htm
[23]	方同辉, 秦克章, 王书来, 等.浅析卡拉塔格铜金矿成矿地质背景[J].矿床地质, 2002, 21(S):380~383. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KCDZ2002S1105.htm FANG Tong-hui, QIN Ke-zhang, WANG Shu-lai, et al. Elementary analysis of geological background ofKalatage copper and gold deposit[J]. Mineral Deposits, 2002, 21(S):380~383. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KCDZ2002S1105.htm
[24]	秦克章, 方同辉, 王书来, 等.吐哈盆地南缘古生代"天窗"卡拉塔格铜金矿化区的发现及其成矿潜力[J].中国地质, 2001, 28(3):16~23. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DIZI200103003.htm QIN Ke-zhang, FANG Tong-hui, WANG Shu-lai, et al. Discovery of the Kalatage Cu-Au mineralized district and its prospecting potentiality, Paleozoic window at the south margin of the Tu-Ha basin[J]. Geology in China, 2001, 28(3):16~23. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DIZI200103003.htm
[25]	秦克章, 丁奎首, 许英霞, 等.东天山红山Cu-Au矿床氧化带首次发现的副针绿矾巨晶及其多型针绿矾[J].岩石学报, 2008, 24(5):1112~1122. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB200805018.htm QIN Ke-zhang, DING Kui-shou, XU Ying-xia, et al. Tremendous crystal-paraeoquimbite and its polytypecoquimbite found for the first time in Hongshan Hs-epithermal Cu-Au deposit, Eastern Tianshan, NW-China, and its significance[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2008, 24(5):1112~1122. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB200805018.htm
[26]	李华芹, 陈富文.东天山硫磺山铜多金属矿床成岩成矿作用同位素地质年代学[J].地球学报, 2003, 24(6):555~558. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQXB200306013.htm LI Hua-qin, CHEN Fu-wen. Rock-forming and ore-forming chronology of the Liuhuangshan copper-polymetallic deposit in East Tianshan Mountains[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2003, 24(6):555~558. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQXB200306013.htm
[27]	叶庆同, 吴一平, 傅旭杰, 等.西南天山金和有色金属矿床成矿条件和成矿预测[M].北京:地质出版社, 1999, 206. YE Qing-tong, WU Yi-ping, FU Xu-jie, et al. Ore-forming Conditions and Metallogenic Prognosis of Gold and Nonferrous Metallic Resources in Southwestern Tian shan Mountain[M]. Beijing:Geology Publishing House, 1999, 206.
[28]	Mc Dougall I, Harrison T M. Geochronology and Thermochronology by the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar method[M].2nd ed.New York:Oxford University Press, 1999, 269.
[29]	Koppers A P. ArArCALC-software for ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age calculations[J]. Computers & Geosciences, 2002, 28(5):605-619. http://www.academia.edu/13671358/Hydrothermal_fluids_argon_isotopes_and_mineralization_ages_of_the_Fankou_Pb_Zn_deposit_in_south_China_Insights_from_sphalerite_sup_40_sup_Ar_sup_39_sup_Ar_progressive_crushing
[30]	Vasconcelos P M D. Geochronology of weathering in the Mt Isa and Charters Towers regions, Northern Queensland[R]. Open File Reports 139.Leme:CRC, 2002.
[31]	昝立宏, 程捷.新疆吐鲁番盆地古近纪气候事件的研究[J].古地理学报, 2008, 10(6):647~656. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GDLX200806015.htm ZAN Li-hong, CHENG Jie. Study on the Paleogene climatic events in the Turpan Basin, Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2008, 10(6):647~656. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GDLX200806015.htm
[32]	程捷, 张秋营, 张西娟, 等.吐鲁番盆地新生代环境演变[M].北京:地震出版社, 2005, 122. CHENG Jie, ZHANG Qiu-ying, ZHANG Xi-juan, et al. Environmental Evolution During the Cenozoic in the Turpan Basin[M]. Beijing:Seismological Press, 2005, 122.