THE ACTIVE TECTONICS AND REGIONAL CRUSTAL STABILITY FEATURES IN THE AREA OF YANGTZE RIVER ECONOMIC BELT
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摘要: 基于长江经济带地区活动断裂资料的收集整理和总结，结合新的遥感解译与地表调查结果，初步归纳了该区的活动构造基本特征，梳理出直接或间接威胁重要城市群、国家级新区和区域重要交通过江通道地壳稳定性的主要活动断裂及应对建议或对策，并进一步重点指出长江中下游成都-上海沿江地区的32条重要活动断裂带及其穿越或影响到的主要城市群和重大工程。在活动断裂梳理结果基础上，总结提出长江经济带西部的强烈地壳变形与地震活动主要由印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞作用下在青藏高原东南缘地区形成的“川滇弧形旋扭活动构造体系”所控制，而中-东部地区属于印度板块与西太平洋板块共同作用下区域性挤压-剪切变形导致的具有共轭走滑断裂系统特征的“棋盘格子式”活动构造体系格局，其中需要特别关注7条典型活动断裂带的活动性及其对城市群地壳稳定性的影响。根据区域的活动构造体系、活动断裂与历史地震活动性等特点，初步归纳了该区的未来地震危险性问题及应重点关注的潜在强震危险区段，指出了典型的区域古地震地质遗迹特征及开展古地震调查研究的重要性。同时，依据长江经济带地区初步的区域地壳稳定性评价结果，认为次不稳定区和不稳定区主要集中在西部地区，而中-东部地区以次稳定区与相对稳定区为主，仅郯庐断裂带及其周边存在较明显的次不稳定区。最后，指出了长江经济带活动构造与区域地壳稳定性调查评价工作在活动断裂地质调查研究和城市活断层鉴别与地震危险性评价中面临的主要问题与挑战。Abstract: Combining the new Remote sensing interpretation and the result of surface survey with the active faults data on the Yangtze River Economic Belt, we preliminarily summarized the active tectonic features in this area, and teased out the main active faults that directly and indirectly threating to crustal stability of important urban agglomerations, state-level new district and river-crossing channels at the Yangtze River Economic Belt region, then pointed out 32 important active faults along Chengdu-Shanghai region that belongings to the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River Economic Belt, and the influenced major urban agglomerations and major projects. After teasing out the active faults, we put forward that the strong crustal deformation and seismicity of western Yangtze River Economic Belt are mainly controlled by "the Sichuan-Yunnan arc rotational-shear active tectonic system" at southeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau that formed under the action of the collision between Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate. But the middle-eastern area of Yangtze River Economic Belt is a "check board" active tectonic system that has the characteristics of conjugate strike slip fault which caused by the regional extrusion shearing deformation under the action of Indian Plate and Western Pacific Plate, 7 typical active faults' activity and their influences to the crustal stability of urban agglomeration required especially attentive. According to the features of regional active tectonic system, active faults and historic seismic activities, we preliminarily summarized the problems of future seismic hazard in this area, and the potential strong earthquake risk segment that needs to be focused on, then identified the importance of surveying the characteristics of geological relics of typical regional paleoearthquakes and paleoearthquake study. Further, the preliminary evaluation of regional crustal stability in the Yangtze River Economic Belt region showed that the unstable and sub-unstable regions are mainly concentrated in the western region, and the most of central-eastern regions are belong to the sub-stable and stable regions, but there are a few obvious sub-unstable regions along the Tanlu fault zone. Finally, we pointed out the main problems and challenges on the field surveying and evaluation of active tectonics and regional crustal stability, and the active fault identification and seismic risk evaluation of major city area in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.
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图 1 长江经济带地理位置图
Figure 1. The regional range and location of the Yangtze River Economic Belt
图 2 长江经济带地区主要活动断裂分布图(修改自文献[1])
Figure 2. A distribution map of the main active faults in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
图 3 长江经济带主要活动断裂与地震分布图(活动断裂据文献[1]；地震数据源自中国地震台网)
Figure 3. A distribution map of the main active faults and earthquakes in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
图 4 长江经济带中、东部地区的主要活动断裂及重要城市群与重大工程分布图
Figure 4. A distribution map of the main active faults, important urban agglomeration and projects in the central-rastern Yangtze River Economic belt
图 5 黔江—建始断裂带及其北西侧山地的典型崩塌滑坡遥感影像特征
Figure 5. The remote sensing image features of the Qianjiang-Jianshi fault zone and the typical collapses and landslides influenced by active faulting
图 6 长江经济带中、东部地区典型活动断裂及其遥感影像特征
a—常德-荆州断裂及其上水系偏转的遥感标志；b—岳阳-武汉断裂带及其影响长江河道展布的遥感特征；c—皖江河谷中主要活动断裂的遥感影像(F1：郯庐断裂带南段；F2：安庆断裂带；F3：皖江断裂带；F4：襄樊-广济断裂带)；d—无锡-宿迁断裂带上湖泊呈线性展布的遥感影像特征(F1-1：无锡-宿迁断裂带山东聊城至江苏宿迁段；F1-2：无锡-宿迁断裂带洪泽湖至杭州湾段；F2：郯庐断裂带)；e—无锡-宿迁断裂带两侧地形差异的DEM影像特征(断层编号同图 6d)
Figure 6. Typical active faults in the central-eastern Yangtze River Economic Belt and their remote sensing image features
图 7 长江经济带中、东部地区的典型古地震地质遗迹
Figure 7. The typical geological relics of paleo-earthquakes along the central-eastern Yangtze River Economic Belt
图 8 长江经济带地壳稳定性评价初步结果及分区图
Figure 8. The preliminary assessment results and zoning of regional crust stability in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
表 1 长江经济带地区直接或间接威胁重要城市群、国家级新区和主要过江通道等地壳稳定性的主要活动断裂及应对建议或对策一览表
Table 1. The main active faults probably directly and indirectly threat to regional crustal stability of the important urban agglomeration, national new districts and main river-crossing channels in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and the main suggestions or countermeasures to the disaster prevention
重要城市群
和交通设施具体
地区可能造成直接威胁的
主要活动断裂可能存在间接威胁的
主要活动断裂主要建议
或对策主要城市群 长三角 北东向右旋走滑断裂系统：茅山断裂，萧山-球川断裂，江山-绍兴断裂，丽水断裂带，镇海-温州断裂带；
北西-北西西向左旋走滑断裂系统：嘉山-南渡断裂，巢湖-杭州断裂带，昌化-普陀断裂，无锡-苏州断裂带和南通-嘉定断裂带郯庐断裂带西南段，海域活动断裂 系统调查和定量评估直接影响北区的主要活动断裂的现今活动性、未来发震潜力和对地壳稳定性的影响，尤其是规模相对大的北东向活动断裂，同时需要评估间接影响活动断裂的远场影响问题 长江中游 北东向右旋走滑断裂系统：星子-靖安断裂，赣江断裂带，崇阳-宁乡断裂，湘乡-邵东断裂，沅江断裂，澧水断裂，大庸断裂，恩施-咸丰断裂，团凤断裂；
北西-北西西向左旋走滑断裂系统：襄樊-广济断裂，竹山断裂，钟祥断裂，益阳-长沙断裂，雾渡河断裂，南漳断裂带和仙女山断裂郯庐断裂带西南段，信阳-金寨断裂，贵阳-芷江-溆浦断裂 需重点调查和定量评估直接影响北区北部的北西西向和南部北东向活动断裂的活动性、未来发震潜力和对地壳稳定性的影响，同时评估间接影响活动断裂的远场影响问题 皖江
经济带北东向右旋走滑断裂系统：郯庐断裂带宿迁-九江段，江南断裂，马鞍山-芜湖断裂，葛功断裂，霍山断裂；
北西-北西西向左旋走滑断裂系统：巢湖-杭州断裂带，信阳-金寨断裂带— 重点调查评估规模最大的北东向郯庐断裂带的现今活动性、发震潜力和对地壳稳定性的影响，同时注意北西向巢湖-杭州断裂带和信阳-金寨断裂带对地壳稳定性的影响 成渝
城市群北东向右旋逆冲断裂系统：芦山断裂，新津-德阳断裂，龙泉山断裂带；
北西向左旋走滑断裂系统：峨边断裂，天全-荥经断裂龙门山右旋逆冲断裂系(包括灌县-安县断裂、映秀-北川断裂、平武-青川断裂和汶川-茂汶断裂)，恩施-咸丰断裂，西河-美姑断裂，三河口-烟峰断裂 重点调查评估规模最大、活动最为显著的龙门山断裂系的现今活动性、未来发震潜力和对地壳稳定性的影响。同时注意龙泉山断裂带的地壳稳定性影响 黔中
城市群北东向右旋走滑断裂系统：贵阳-芷江断裂带；
北西-北西西向左旋走滑断裂系统：威宁-水城断裂带北东向寻甸-来宾铺断裂带，北西向的南丹-河池断裂带和百色-合浦断裂带 重点调查和定量评估规模最大的贵阳-芷江断裂带的现今活动性、未来发震潜力和对地壳稳定性的影响 滇中
城市群近南北向左旋走滑断裂系统：小江断裂带(包括：宜良断裂和嵩明断裂)，昆明-普渡河断裂，易门断裂带和元谋-绿汁江断裂带；
北西向右旋走滑断裂系统：红河断裂带沅江段，曲江断裂带和楚雄-南华断裂带北东向右旋走滑断裂带：寻甸-来宾断裂带和弥勒-师宗断裂 重点调查评估规模最大且活动性最为显著的近南北向走滑断裂带的现今活动性、发震潜力和对地壳稳定性的影响。其次是北西向活动断裂的活动性及其地壳稳定影响问题 苏南现代化建设示范区 北东向右旋走滑断裂系统：茅山断裂，金坛-南渡断裂；
北西-北西西向左旋走滑断裂系统：嘉山-南渡断裂和无锡-苏州断裂带北东向郯庐断裂带西南段和江南断裂带，北西向的巢湖-杭州断裂带 进一步调查研究茅山断裂和嘉山-南渡断裂带的现今活动性、未来发震潜力和对地壳稳定性的影响 国家级新区 舟山群岛 昌化-普陀断裂带和镇海-温州断裂带 黄海海域断裂 需关注海域断裂活动的影响问题 上海浦东 南通-嘉定断裂带 黄海海域断裂 需关注海域断裂活动的影响问题 南京江北 无锡-宿迁断裂带和嘉山-南渡断裂带 茅山断裂带和金坛-南渡断裂带 重点是北西向无锡-宿迁断裂活动性的调查评估和金坛-南渡断裂的远场影响问题 重庆两江 华蓥山断裂，恩施-咸丰断裂 — — 成都天府 龙泉山断裂带，新津-成都断裂 龙门山断裂带 重点加强对龙门山断裂带的远场影响和龙泉山断裂带活动性的调查研究 重要过江
通道安徽省 北西向巢湖-杭州断裂带和北东向的马鞍山-芜湖断裂带 郯庐断裂带皖江段和嘉山-南渡断裂带 — 湖北省 — — — 江苏省 北西向的无锡-苏州断裂带、嘉山-南渡断裂和南通-嘉定断裂带 — — 江西省 郯庐断裂带九江段 赣江断裂带和星子-靖安断裂带 应重点关注郯庐断裂带和赣江断裂带的活动性与地壳稳定性评价问题 四川省 — 峨边断裂带 — 重庆市 — — — 注：表中横线表示由于对活动断裂情况调查研究程度不足或对断裂影响情况尚不清楚，目前难以对活动断裂的影响或相关的地壳稳定性问题做出准确的评价或评估。 
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表 2 长江经济带中、东部成都—上海沿江地区的32条主要活动断裂带及其可能影响到的重要城市群或重大工程一览表
Table 2. The 32 important active faults and the important urban agglomerations and major projects being influenced by the faults along the Chengdu-Shanghai region of the central-east Yangtze River Economic Belt
断裂带名称 断裂名称 长度/km 走向 运动性质 穿越或影响的重要城市群或重大工程 镇海-温州断裂带 镇海-温州断裂 270 NE 左旋走滑 长江三角洲城市群、浙江三门核电站 嘉兴-徐州
北西向构造带宿迁-扬州断裂 300 NW 左旋走滑 京杭运河、过江通道常泰段 无锡-苏州断裂 455 NW 左旋走滑 苏南现代化建设示范区、沪蓉铁路、浙江泰山核电站 南京-南渡断裂 325 NW 左旋走滑 苏南现代化建设示范区、沪蓉铁路、宜兴抽水蓄能电站、琅琊山抽水蓄能电站、沙河抽水蓄能电站 新余-九江-扬州
北东向构造带茅山断裂 97 NE 右旋走滑 苏南现代化建设示范区、沪蓉铁路、过江通道五峰山段 马鞍山-芜湖断裂 65 NNE 右旋走滑 皖江经济带、苏南现代化建设示范区、安徽芜湖核电站 陈家堡-小海断裂 130 NE 右旋走滑 长江三角洲城市群 金坛-南渡断裂 50 NNE 右旋走滑 苏南现代化建设示范区、过江通道张靖段 江南断裂 260 NE 右旋断层 皖江经济带、陈村水电站 葛公断裂 227 NNE 左旋走滑 皖江经济带、江西彭泽核电站、安徽吉阳核电站 九江-靖安断裂 150 NNE 右旋走滑 环潘阳湖城市群、沪昆铁路、柘林水电站，长江护江大堤 铜鼓-武宁-瑞昌断裂 100 NE 右旋走滑 长江中游城市群、长江护江大堤 赣江断裂 227 NE 右旋走滑 环潘阳湖城市群、沪昆铁路，江西彭泽核电站 芦溪-宜春断裂 97 NE 右旋走滑 沪昆铁路 信阳-杭州
北西西向构造带巢湖-杭州断裂 65 NW 左旋走滑 皖江经济带、沪蓉铁路 信阳-金寨断裂 260 NW 左旋走滑 皖江经济带、沪蓉铁路、响洪甸抽水蓄能电站 岳阳-武汉
北东向构造带固镇-怀远断裂 357 NE 右旋走滑 武汉城市群、皖江经济带、沪蓉铁路 麻城-团凤断裂 227 NE 右旋走滑 武汉城市群、沪蓉铁路 岳阳-武汉断裂带 390 NE 右旋走滑 长江中游城市群、沪蓉铁路、沪昆铁路、湖南桃花江核电站、湖南小墨山核电站、湖北大畈核电站 崇阳-宁乡断裂 130 NE 右旋走滑 长江中游城市群 湘乡-邵东断裂 97 NE 正断层 长株潭城市群 襄樊-广济断裂带 襄樊-广济断裂 650 NW 左旋走滑 武汉城市群、环潘阳湖城市群、沪蓉铁路、沪昆铁路、湖北丹江口水电站 常德-荆州
北东向构造带常德-荆州断裂 260 NE 右旋走滑 长江中游城市群、沪蓉铁路、长江-汉水护江大堤 慈利-城步断裂 195 NE 右旋走滑 长江中游城市群、沪昆铁路 雅安-自贡逆冲
褶皱构造带威远断裂 97 NEE 逆冲断层 成渝城市群 龙泉山断裂 195 NE 逆冲断层 成渝城市群、沪蓉铁路 新津-德阳断裂 97 NE 逆冲断层 成渝城市群、沪蓉铁路 其他断裂带 常德-长沙断裂带 240 NW 左旋走滑 长江中游城市群、湖南桃花江核电站 仙女山断裂 97 NW 右旋断层 沪蓉铁路、隔水岩水电站、三峡大坝 恩施-咸丰断裂 292 NE 右旋走滑 沪蓉铁路 华蓥山断裂 292 NE 右旋走滑 成渝城市群、沪蓉铁路、四川三坝核电站、过江通道绵遂内宜铁路及白塔山段 威宁-水城断裂 292 NW 走滑断层 黔中城市群、沪昆铁路 注：表中粗体标示了下一步工作中计划列为重点调查对象的13条对区域地壳稳定性可能产生重要影响的活动断裂(位置见图 4)
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表 3 长江经济带中、东部地区典型破坏性地震及相关参数一览表
Table 3. Main parameters of typical destructive earthquakes in the central-eastern Yangtze River Economic Belt
地震名称 发震时间/
年-月-日震级 宏观震中 最大
烈度等震线
长轴方向发震断层 湖北房县(西北) 788-02-12 6½ 竹山县西北擂鼓台 Ⅷ NWW 保康—房县断裂带宝丰—房县段 安徽亳州地震 1481-03-18 6.0 亳州南部 — — 涡河断裂 江苏扬州地震 1624-02-10 6¼ 扬州苏南 Ⅷ NE 无锡—宿迁断裂带与陈家堡—小海断裂或茅东断裂北段交汇处 湖南常德地震 1631-08-14 6¾ 常德 Ⅸ NEE 太阳山断裂 安徽霍山(东北)地震 1652-03-23 6.0 霍山东北与六安交界处 Ⅷ NW 梅山—龙河口断裂和落儿岭-土地岭断裂交汇处(？) 安徽凤台地震 1831-09-28 6¼ 凤台东北 Ⅷ NW 固镇一风台和临泉一刘府断裂交汇处 重庆黔江地震 1856-06-10 6¼ 黔江区小南海(原湖北咸丰大路坝) Ⅷ NNW 恩施—咸丰断裂带(？) 贵州黔南地震 1875-06-08 6¼ 罗甸 Ⅷ NEE 垭都—紫云深断裂或开远-平塘隐伏深断裂交汇处 江西会昌地震 1806.01.11 6.0 会昌县南40 km湘乡镇 Ⅷ NNW 河源—邵武断裂带的寻乌-瑞金段 江苏镇江地震 1913-04-03 5.5 镇江 Ⅶ NW 无锡—宿迁断裂带(？) 安徽霍山地震 1917-01-24 6¼ 霍山南 Ⅷ NNE 桐柏—磨子潭断裂与落儿岭-土地岭断裂交汇处 湖北麻城地震 1932-04-06 6.0 麻城黄土岗 Ⅷ NNE 麻城—团风断裂 江苏溧阳地震 1974-04-22 5.5 溧阳 Ⅶ NE 茅东断裂或金坛—南渡断裂 1979-07-09 6.0 溧阳 Ⅷ NE 江西九江地震 2005-11-26 5.7 江西瑞昌 Ⅶ NE 铜鼓—武宁—瑞昌断裂的田家垄—洗新桥断裂段 注：表中地震资料引自文献[48~49]，发震断层是综合等震线资料和区域已知活动断裂推断
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