Research progress and prospects of deep stress measurement technology
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摘要: 随着“向地球深部要资源、要安全、要空间”国家战略的实施，地应力引发的各类工程灾害在频率和强度上均显著增加，与此同时，在地下储气库和引水隧洞等工程领域，利用最小主应力准则确定上限运行压力，一定程度上可提高地下空间的储存能力或降低隧洞支护成本。总体而言，地应力在向地球深部进军进程中的重要性愈发突显。然而面向需求，深部应力测量技术尚存在探测能力不足和测量结果可靠性偏低等瓶颈问题，制约了地应力数据在解决构造活动、深部资源开发与地下空间利用等领域中的应用。文章在简要回顾地应力测量技术发展现状的基础上，重点介绍了团队近年来在地应力测量的理论研究、技术研发和应用实践等方面取得的进展与成效，指出了深部地应力测量在理论方法和技术层面面临的挑战，并结合正在承担的深地国家科技重大专项“深部应力探测关键技术与实验”项目，提出了深井应力探测的研究路线和攻关方向——研发高、精、尖的地应力测量技术与装备，构建覆盖震源深度空间的地应力观测技术体系。预期深井原位应力探测技术在地球动力学基础研究、深部资源勘查和灾害预测及防控等领域具有广阔的应用前景。Abstract:
Objective With the implementation of the national strategy of seeking resources, safety, and space from deep Earth, the frequency and intensity of various engineering disasters caused by in-situ stress have also significantly increased. At the same time, in engineering fields such as underground gas storage and water diversion tunnels, using the minimum principal stress criterion to determine the upper limit operating pressure can to some extent improve the storage capacity of underground space or reduce tunnel support costs. Overall, the importance of in-situ stress in the process of advancing towards the deep Earth is becoming increasingly prominent. However, there are still bottlenecks in the demand oriented deep stress measurement technology, such as insufficient detection capability and low reliability of measurement results, which restrict the application of in-situ stress data in solving scientific problems such as tectonic activity, deep resource development, and space utilization. Methods On the basis of a brief review of the current development status of in-situ stress measurement technology, this article focuses on the progress and achievements of the team in theoretical research, technical development, and application practice of in-situ stress measurement in recent years. Results It points out the challenges faced by deep in-situ stress measurement in terms of theoretical methods and technical aspects, and proposes a research route and direction for deep borehole stress detection in conjunction with the current national science and technology major project "Key Technologies and Experiments for Deep Stress Detection". Conclusion The goal is to develop high, precise, and advanced in-situ stress measurement technology and equipment, construct an in-situ stress observation technology system covering the depth space of the hypocenter source. [ Significance ] Deep borehole in-situ stress detection technology holds significant potential for applications in geodynamics research, deep resource exploration, and disaster prediction and prevention. -
图 1 基于总系统刚度（TSS）演化特征的压裂缝闭合过程分析模型
Figure 1. Analysis model of hydraulic fracture closure process based on total system stiffness (TSS) evolution characteristics
图 2 系统柔度对重张压力影响示意图（杨跃辉等，2024）
C—系统柔度；Vc—裂缝张开引起的水体体积变化；dVc/dP—单位压力下裂缝张开对应的体积变化；Sh—最小水平主应力（a）重张过程中的系统柔度随时间变化；（b）系统柔度与重张压力关系曲线
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the effect of system compliance on reopening pressure (Yang et al., 2024)
(a) The system compliance changes over time during the reopening process; (b) Schematic diagram of the relationship between system compliance and reopening pressureC—system compliance; Vc—water volume change induced by fracture opening; dVc/dP—volume change per unit pressure change due to fracture opening
图 3 新一代深孔水压致裂地应力测试井下工具（蓝色为座封水路过流空间，绿色为测试水路过流空间）
a—封隔器坐封水路；b—井下循环水路；c—井下关闭水路；d—压裂测试水路；e—跨接式封隔器
Figure 3. New generation downhole tool for deep in-situ stress measurement of hydraulic fracturing method (Blue denotes the packer-setting flow path; green denotes the testing flow path.)
(a) Straddle packers inflation waterflow; (b) Circulation waterflow; (c) Shut in waterflow; (d) Test interval injection waterflow; (e) Bridge plug
图 4 埋深2032 m水压致裂法实测曲线
Figure 4. The measured curves of 2032 m depth by hydraulic fracturing method
图 5 贵州省松桃锰矿集区实测主应力量值和方向随深度变化规律
a—主应力量值随深度变化；b—最大水平主应力方向随深度变化
Figure 5. The variation law of measured principal stress values and directions with depth in Songtao manganese ore area, Guizhou Province
(a) The magnitude of principal stress varies with depth; (b) The direction of maximum horizontal principal stress varies with depth
图 6 地下储气库玄武岩盖层水压致裂法地应力实测曲线
a—压力−流量−温度与时间曲线；b—4个回次闭合压力的相对误差
Figure 6. The measurement curves of hydraulic fracturing method for basalt cover layer of underground gas storage
(a) Pressure, flow rate, and temperature vs. time curve; (b) Relative error of closing pressure for four cycles
图 7 松辽盆地沉积盖层和基底实测三维地应力状态（Wang et al., 2020；王斌等，2024）
Figure 7. Three dimensional in-situ stress state of sedimentary cover and basement measured in Songliao Basin (Wang et al., 2020; 2024)
图 8 深部应力探测技术路线示意图
a—井下压力时间曲线；b—井下流量时间曲线；c—井下温度时间曲线；d—压力缝井壁图像；e—岩芯滞弹性应变恢复曲线；f—井底破裂试验曲线；g—基于地震波的应力场反演
Figure 8. Schematic diagram of deep stress detection
(a) Downhole pressure vs. time curve; (b) Downhole flowrate vs. time curve; (c) Downhole temperature vs. time curve; (d) Image logging of test interval; (e) Anelastic strain recovery curve of rock core; (f) Bottom hole fracturing test curve; (g) Stress inversion based on seismic waves
表 1 研发前后井下设备参数对比
Table 1. Comparison of downhole equipment parameters before and after development
设备类型 适用孔径 推拉行程 过水通道 无阻流量 耐差压力 耐温 传统井下工具 75~130 mm 5~10 cm 小孔 20 L/min 35 MPa 80 ℃ 新一代井下工具 60~230 mm 30~50 cm 环状空间 100 L/min 50 MPa 120 ℃ 
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