Tectonic evolution of the western Yangtze Block during the Ediacaran–Cambrian: evidence from detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology
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摘要: 扬子地块是Gondwana超大陆的重要组成部分，其西缘在埃迪卡拉纪—早寒武世期间经历了从碳酸盐岩相向碎屑岩相的显著转变，但该转变的动力学机制及早寒武世的大地构造背景尚不明确。扬子地块西缘（扬子西缘）广泛出露巨厚的早寒武世陆源碎屑岩，为示踪沉积物源和恢复构造背景提供了关键研究对象。文章对下寒武统筇竹寺组开展了碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学和全岩主、微量元素分析。结果表明：碎屑岩中高场强元素和大离子亲石元素Th、Zr、Hf、Ba、Pb含量与上地壳相似，而Co、Ni、Y、Nb、Cs、Hf、Ta等元素相对亏损，以Co、Cs、Ta亏损显著；Th、Sc、Hf、Zr、Ho等不活泼元素和La、Ce、Yb等稀土元素特征指示其物源主要来自长英质岩浆岩。碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱显示ca. 590～500 Ma和ca. 880～720 Ma 2个主峰，以及1900~1500 Ma和2500~2400 Ma 2个次峰。结合区域资料和已有研究，认为早寒武世碎屑物质主要来源于龙门山构造带埃迪卡拉纪—早寒武世岩浆岩，以及攀西−汉南岩浆弧、哀牢山构造岩浆弧等新元古代晚期长英质岩浆岩的风化剥蚀。据此推断，埃迪卡拉纪末期—早寒武世，原特提斯洋向扬子西缘俯冲，形成了1条同期岩浆弧，不仅为寒武系碎屑岩提供了大量的物源，还促使扬子西缘由被动大陆边缘转为活动大陆边缘，并导致沉积相由碳酸盐岩向碎屑岩转变。上述结果揭示了扬子西缘与周缘造山带之间的物源联系，为重建华南板块在该时期的构造−古地理演化提供了有效约束。
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关键词:
- 扬子西缘 /
- 埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪 /
- 碎屑锆石U-Pb定年 /
- 全岩地球化学分析 /
- 岩浆弧
Abstract:Objective The Yangtze Block was a crucial component of the Gondwana supercontinent. During the Ediacaran–Early Cambrian, its western margin underwent a marked transition from carbonate- to siliciclastic-dominated depositional environments. However, the tectonic dynamics and geotectonic setting governing this pronounced sedimentary facies shift remain poorly constrained. Thick Lower Cambrian terrigenous clastic rocks widely exposed along the western margin of the Yangtze Block (Western Yangtze) serve as a key archive for tracing sediment provenance and deciphering Early Cambrian geotectonic evolution. Methods This study presents systematic detrital zircon U–Pb geochronological and whole-rock major- and trace-element geochemical analyses of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in the Western Yangtze to constrain its provenance and tectonic background. Results Whole-rock geochemical data indicate that high-field-strength elements (HFSEs) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs; e.g., Th, Zr, Hf, Ba, Pb) in the Qiongzhusi Formation clastic rocks align closely with upper continental crust (UCC) values. Conversely, elements such as Co, Ni, Y, Nb, Cs, Hf, and Ta are depleted relative to UCC, with Co, Cs, and Ta showing the most significant depletion. Characteristics of immobile elements (Th, Sc, Hf, Zr, Ho) and rare earth elements (REEs; e.g., La, Ce, Yb) consistently indicate a predominantly felsic igneous source. Detrital zircon U–Pb age spectra exhibit two primary population peaks at ca. 590–500 Ma and ca. 880–720 Ma, alongside two subordinate clusters at ca. 1900–1500 Ma and ca. 2500–2400 Ma. Conclusions Integrated with regional geological evidence, we propose that the Early Cambrian detritus was primarily derived from Ediacaran–Early Cambrian magmatic rocks within the Longmenshan tectonic belt, as well as weathering products of late Neoproterozoic felsic magmatic rocks from the Panxi–Hannan and Ailaoshan magmatic arcs. Subduction of the Proto-Tethys Ocean beneath the Western Yangtze during the latest Ediacaran–Early Cambrian established a Late Ediacaran–Early Cambrian magmatic arc. This tectonic event converted the Western Yangtze from a passive margin into an active continental margin, supplying voluminous Early Cambrian detritus that drove the major depositional transition from carbonates to siliciclastics. [ Significance ]These findings establish key provenance links between the Western Yangtze and surrounding orogenic belts, providing critical constraints for reconstructing the tectonic and paleogeographic evolution of the South China Block during the Ediacaran–Early Cambrian transition. -
图 1 研究区区域地质和采样简图
a—华南板块及其邻区构造简图（据Liu et al.，2023；刘兵兵等，2025修改）；b—东川区娜姑镇和易门县埃迪卡拉纪－奥陶纪地层柱状图（据熊家镛等，1980修改）；c—东川区娜姑镇地质简图（据熊家镛等，1980修改）；d—易门县地质简图 （据熊家镛等，1980修改）
Figure 1. Regional geotectonic framework and simplified geological maps of the study area
(a) geotectonic map of South China and adjacent regions (modified from Liu et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2025); (b) Ediacaran–Ordovician stratigraphic columns in the Nagu and Yimen areas (modified from Xiong et al., 1980); (c) Simplified geological map of the Nagu area, Dongchuan (modified from Xiong et al., 1980); (d) Simplified geological map of the Yimen area (modified from Xiong et al., 1980)
图 2 样品野外露头、手标本及镜下照片
a—样品YM-35野外露头；b—样品YM-35手标本；c—样品YM-35单偏光镜下照片；d—样品DC-5手标本；e—样品DC-5单偏光镜下照片；f—样品DC-5正交光镜下照片
Figure 2. Field outcrops, hand specimens and thin-section photomicrographs of representative samples
(a) Field outcrop photograph of sample YM-35; (b) Hand specimen of sample YM-35; (c) Plane-polarized light (PPL) photomicrograph of sample YM-35; (d) Hand specimen of sample DC-5; (e) PPL photomicrograph of sample DC-5; (f) Cross-polarized light (XPL) photomicrograph of sample DC-5
图 3 东川区娜姑镇和易门县下寒武统碎屑岩代表性锆石CL图像
红圈代表 U−Pb 分析测点位置，红色数字为测点编号；锆石下方数字为对应测点 U−Pb 年龄；束斑直径 44 μm
Figure 3. Representative cathodoluminescence (CL) images of detrital zircons from the Lower Cambrian clastic rocks in Nagu Town, Dongchuan District and Yimen County
Red circles indicate U-Pb analytical spots, red numbers are spot IDs. Values below zircons represent corresponding U-Pb ages; laser beam diameter is 44 μm.
图 4 东川区娜姑镇和易门县筇竹寺组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图和频谱图
蓝色曲线为U–Pb谐和曲线；曲线旁数字表示谐和年龄，Ma；红色椭圆表示分析数据点及其2σ误差范围；插图为数据点密集区域的局部放大图；n 代表有效锆石测点数量a—样品 DC-5 U-Pb 年龄谐和图；b—样品 DC-5锆石 U-Pb 年龄频谱图；c—样品 YM-35 U-Pb 年龄谐和图；d—样品 YM-35锆石 U-Pb 年龄频谱图
Figure 4. Detrital zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams and age probability density spectra for the Qiongzhusi Formation in Nagu Town, Dongchuan District and Yimen County
(a) Zircon U-Pb concordia diagram for sample DC-5; (b) Zircon U-Pb age probability density spectra for sample DC-5; (c) Zircon U-Pb concordia diagram for sample YM-35; (d) Zircon U-Pb age probability density spectra for sample YM-35The blue curves represents the U–Pb concordia curve, and numbers along the concordia curve indicate concordia ages (Ma). Red ellipses represent analytical data points with 2σ uncertainties. The inset shows an enlarged view of the data-rich portion of the diagram. n represents the number of valid zircon analytical spots.
图 5 易门县筇竹寺组页岩微量元素上地壳标准化蛛网图和稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式图（球粒陨石数据引自McDonough and Sun, 1995；上地壳数据引自Rudnick and Gao, 2014）
a—微量元素上地壳标准化蛛网图；b—稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式图
Figure 5. Upper continental crust (UCC)-normalized trace element spider diagrams and chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns of shales from the Qiongzhusi Formation,Yimen County (Chondrite normalizing values are from McDonough and Sun, 1995; upper continental crust normalizing values are from Rudnick and Gao, 2014)
(a) UCC-normalized trace element spider diagram; (b) Chondrite-normalized REE pattern
图 6 扬子西缘下寒武统碎屑沉积岩物源性质判别图解
红色方框代表文中数据，蓝色三角代表已发表数据（陈思达等，2023；杨永祯等，2024；刘慧萍等，2025）a—La/Yb vs. REE（底图引自Taylor and McLennan，1985）；b—Th/Sc vs. Zr/Sc（底图引自McLennan et al.，1993）；c—La/Th vs. Hf（底图引自Floyd and Leveridge，1987）；d—Co/Th vs. La/Sc（底图引自Wronkiewicz and Condie，1987）
Figure 6. Geochemical provenance discriminant diagrams for Lower Cambrian clastic sedimentary rocks on the western margin of the Yangtze Block
(a) La/Yb vs. REE (basemap from McLennan et al., 1993); (b) Th/Sc vs. Zr/Sc (basemap from McLennan et al., 1993); (c) La/Th vs. Hf (basemap from Floyd and Leveridge, 1987); (d) Co/Th vs. La/Sc (basemap from Wronkiewicz and Condie, 1987) Red squares denote data from this study; blue triangles denote literature data from Chen et al., 2023; Yang et al., 2024; Liu et al., 2025.
图 7 潜在物源区岩浆岩锆石U-Pb年龄频谱图（数据引自宋昊等，2015；Shafaii Moghadam et al.，2017；Shahzeidi et al.，2017；Moradi et al.，2022；刘兴源等，2023；占沈薇，2023；邓藤丽等，2025；Deng et al.，2025；李亚博等，2025）
a—泛非期潜在物源岩浆岩年龄频谱；b—新元古代潜在物源岩浆岩年龄频谱
Figure 7. Zircon U–Pb age probability density spectra for magmatic rocks from potential provenance areas (Data from Song et al., 2015; Shafaii Moghadam et al., 2017; Shahzeidi et al., 2017; Moradi et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2023; Zhan et al., 2023; Deng et al., 2025; Deng et al., 2025; Li et al., 2025)
(a) Pan-African magmatic rocks; (b) Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks
图 8 扬子西缘埃迪卡拉系—下寒武统碎屑沉积岩物源区构造背景微量元素判别图解
红色方框代表文中数据，绿色圆圈数据来自Gu et al.，2023；底图引自Bhatia，1983a—La−Th−Sc；b—Th−Co−Zr/10；c—Th−Sc−Zr/10
Figure 8. Trace element tectonic setting discrimination diagrams for Ediacaran–Lower Cambrian clastic sedimentary rocks on the western margin of the Yangtze Block
(a) La–Th–Sc; (b) Th–Co–Zr/10; (c) Th–Sc–Zr/10Red squares denote data from this study; green circles denote literature data from Gu et al., 2023; base maps are from Bhatia, 1983.
图 9 扬子西缘埃迪卡拉系－下寒武统碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄频谱图和累积分布曲线图（数据来源：Wang et al.，2012；Chen et al.，2016；Tian et al.，2020；Gu et al.，2023；刘兴源等，2023；底图引自Cawood et al.，2012）
n 代表有效锆石测点数量a—碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄频谱图；b—碎屑锆石结晶年龄（CA）－沉积年龄（DA）的累积分布曲线图
Figure 9. Detrital zircon U–Pb age probability density spectra and cumulative distribution plot for the Ediacaran–Lower Cambrian on the western margin of the Yangtze Block (Data from Wang et al., 2012; Chen et al.,2016; Tian et al., 2020; Gu et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2023; modified from Cawood et al., 2012)
(a) Detrital zircon U–Pb age probability density spectrum; (b) Cumulative probability distribution curves of detrital zircon crystallization age (CA) minus depositional age (DA) n represents the number of valid zircon analytical spots.
图 10 筇竹寺竹寺组样品碎屑锆石微量元素结晶与构造判别图解
a—锆石Hf−U/Yb结晶环境判别图解（底图引自Grimes et al.，2007）；b—锆石Th/U−Nb/Hf构造环境判别图解（底图引自Yang et al.，2012）
Figure 10. Trace element tectonic discriminant diagrams of crystallization and tectonic setting for detrital zircons from the Qiongzhusi Formation
(a) Zircon Hf vs. U/Yb crystallization environment discrimination diagram (base map after Grimes et al., 2007); (b) Zircon Th/U vs. Nb/Hf tectonic setting discrimination diagram (base map after Yang et al., 2012)
图 11 华南—印度联合地体埃迪卡拉纪—早寒武世构造格局演化图
a—冈瓦纳大陆埃迪卡拉纪—早寒武世构造格局图（据Zhao et al.，2018修改）；b—华南−印度联合地体埃迪卡拉纪早—中期构造格局图（据刘兴源等，2023修改）；c—华南−印度联合地体埃迪卡拉末期—早寒武世构造格局图（据刘兴源等，2023修改）
Figure 11. Tectonic evolution of the South China–India terrane during the Ediacaran-Early Cambrian
(a) Tectonic framework of Gondwana during the Ediacaran–Early Cambrian (modified after Zhao et al., 2018); (b) Tectonic framework of the united South China–India terrane during the early–middle Ediacaran (modified after Liu et al., 2023); (c) Tectonic framework of the united South China–India terrane during the latest Ediacaran–Early Cambrian (modified after Liu et al., 2023)
表 1 易门县筇竹寺组全岩样品主量和微量元素分析结果
Table 1. Whole-rock major and trace element compositions from the Qiongzhusi Formation,Yimen County
样品编号 Ag Al As Be Bi Ca Cd Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge In K Li YM-35-1 0.09 3.72 3.7 1.01 0.07 6.73 0.04 5.9 24 2.43 39.3 3.18 8.87 <0.05 0.116 1.72 53.5 YM-35-2 0.08 3.82 3.0 1.03 0.05 6.37 0.74 4.7 25 2.41 84.0 2.98 8.84 <0.05 0.160 1.76 55.5 YM-35-3 0.09 3.81 3.5 1.03 0.08 6.78 0.08 6.1 25 2.54 49.1 3.22 8.92 <0.05 0.126 1.76 53.8 YM-35-4 0.06 3.90 2.8 1.05 0.06 6.56 0.05 5.2 25 2.61 38.7 3.01 9.22 <0.05 0.122 1.80 56.0 YM-35-5 0.09 3.83 4.1 1.05 0.07 6.84 0.04 6.4 25 2.61 39.6 3.32 9.23 <0.05 0.122 1.77 53.3 样品编号 Mg Mn Mo Na Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Sc Se Sn Ta Te Ti YM-35-1 4.08 1615 6.85 0.04 16.8 890 5.3 61.0 <0.002 0.44 0.60 5.8 1 1.3 0.49 <0.05 0.208 YM-35-2 3.86 1500 4.72 0.05 14.8 880 4.4 58.9 <0.002 0.27 0.49 5.8 <1 1.3 0.47 <0.05 0.214 YM-35-3 4.15 1615 8.98 0.05 17.0 880 5.3 63.2 <0.002 0.49 0.63 6.0 1 1.4 0.49 <0.05 0.214 YM-35-4 4.04 1575 5.75 0.05 14.7 890 4.1 63.4 <0.002 0.19 0.46 6.0 <1 1.4 0.48 <0.05 0.220 YM-35-5 4.14 1635 8.58 0.05 18.6 880 5.5 63.0 <0.002 0.54 0.70 6.0 <1 1.4 0.50 <0.05 0.212 样品编号 Tl W Zn Ba Ce Dy Er Eu Gd Hf Ho La Lu Nb Nd Pr Sm YM-35-1 0.33 1.0 38 604 29.4 5.40 2.35 1.45 6.54 3.3 1.00 14.0 0.31 7.5 16.5 3.91 6.29 YM-35-2 0.31 0.9 419 544 29.2 5.02 2.24 1.39 6.22 3.3 0.95 14.2 0.30 7.7 16.6 3.91 6.11 YM-35-3 0.35 1.0 79 490 30.1 5.56 2.45 1.51 6.86 3.6 1.02 14.4 0.33 7.7 17.4 4.00 6.56 YM-35-4 0.31 1.0 39 597 30.2 5.17 2.26 1.39 6.28 3.6 0.97 14.6 0.32 7.7 16.9 4.04 6.28 YM-35-5 0.35 1.0 36 403 29.6 5.31 2.38 1.47 6.46 3.4 0.97 14.2 0.31 7.6 16.9 3.91 6.30 样品编号 Sr Tb Th Tm U V Y Yb Zr Al2O3 As2O3 BaO CaO Cl CoO Cr2O3 CuO YM-35-1 47.5 0.97 6.22 0.35 1.81 49 27.6 2.02 127 7.12 <0.01 0.07 9.66 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 YM-35-2 45.3 0.97 6.25 0.32 1.74 52 26.2 1.90 123 7.39 <0.01 0.06 9.09 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 YM-35-3 47.5 1.05 6.47 0.35 1.92 52 28.0 2.06 134 7.33 <0.01 0.05 9.80 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 YM-35-4 46.3 0.97 6.29 0.34 1.82 52 26.9 1.90 130 7.39 <0.01 0.07 9.20 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 YM-35-5 46.6 0.98 6.27 0.34 1.82 48 27.0 1.95 126 7.41 <0.01 0.05 9.75 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 样品编号 TFe2O3 K2O MgO MnO Na2O NiO P2O5 PbO SiO2 SnO2 SO3 SrO TiO2 V2O5 ZnO ZrO2 LOI1000 YM-35-1 4.67 2.10 6.97 0.22 0.05 <0.01 0.18 <0.01 52.54 <0.01 1.04 <0.01 0.35 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 15.72 YM-35-2 4.38 2.17 6.62 0.21 0.05 <0.01 0.19 <0.01 54.00 <0.01 0.64 <0.01 0.35 <0.01 0.04 0.01 15.05 YM-35-3 4.74 2.13 7.08 0.23 0.05 <0.01 0.18 <0.01 51.97 <0.01 1.15 <0.01 0.35 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 15.99 YM-35-4 4.31 2.16 6.75 0.21 0.04 <0.01 0.19 <0.01 53.68 <0.01 0.44 <0.01 0.36 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 15.55 YM-35-5 4.84 2.16 7.10 0.23 0.05 <0.01 0.19 <0.01 51.80 <0.01 1.28 <0.01 0.35 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 15.87 
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