Study on coseismic surface deformation of the 2023 Turkey MW7.8 and MW7.5 double strong earthquakes using optical image correlation method
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摘要: 2023年2月6日在土耳其中南部卡赫拉曼马拉什省10个小时内连续发生MW7.8与MW7.5双强震，震源机制解表明两个地震均为走滑型地震。土耳其双强地震发生后，国内外学者利用野外测量、GNSS以及差分InSAR等方法开展了一系列地表同震变形研究，但由于所采用的技术手段限制，当前已有地表同震变形结果尚存在空间分辨率低、近断层处数据缺失等不足。为了弥补这些不足，研究利用哨兵2号光学影像数据，通过影像相关性匹配技术得到了土耳其双强震的东西向和南北向的地表同震变形场，并将这些地表变形转换成为沿着断层方向的左旋走滑位移。变形场结果显示两次地震地表破裂长度分别约280 km和约130 km，首先发生的MW 7.8地震的平均走滑位移量为4.2±1.66 m，最大走滑位移量6.9±0.81 m；随后发生的MW7.5地震的平均走滑位移量为4.9±2.45 m，最大走滑位移量为9.6±1.16 m。通过对比COSI-Corr方法和野外测量得到的水平位移，结果显示2种方法得到的最大水平位移相吻合，而COSI-Corr方法得到的平均位移略大于野外测量得到的水平位移，这是由COSI-Corr方法测量结果中包含了部分离断层弥散变形导致的。研究结论不仅可为断层面滑动反演模型提供变形数据和约束条件，同时可以加深对走滑断裂的破裂行为控制因素的理解。Abstract:
Objective On February 6, 2023, double strong earthquakes of MW7.8 and MW7.5 occurred consecutively within 10 hours in the Kahramanmaraş province in central-southern Turkey. After these double-strong earthquakes, domestic and foreign seismologists studied coseismic surface deformation using field measurements, GNSS, and differential InSAR methods. However, owing to the limitations in the techniques employed, the current coseismic surface deformation results suffer from low spatial resolution and missing data near fault surface ruptures. This study aims to address these limitations and comprehensively present the coseismic surface deformation of the double earthquakes in Turkey. Methods Using Sentinel-2 optical image data, the east-west and north-south surface coseismic deformation fields of Turkey' s double-strong earthquakes were obtained using the image correlation method, and these surface deformations were converted into sinistral strike-slip displacement along the fault direction. Results The deformation field results showed that the surface rupture lengths of the double earthquakes are approximately 280 and 130 km, respectively. The average strike-slip displacement of the first MW7.8 earthquake is 4.2±1.66 m; the maximum strike-slip displacement is 6.9±0.81 m. The average strike-slip displacement of the subsequent MW7.5 earthquake is 4.9±2.45 m, and the maximum strike-slip displacement is 9.6±1.16 m. Conclusion Comparison of the horizontal displacement results obtained using the COSI-Corr method and field measurements revealed that the maximum horizontal displacements obtained using the two methods are consistent. In contrast, the average displacement results obtained using the COSI-Corr method are slightly larger than the horizontal displacement results obtained using field measurements, attributed to the inclusion of "off-fault" deformations. Significance This study not only provides deformation data and constraints for the fault-slip inversion model but also deepens the understanding of factors controlling the rupture behavior of strike-slip faults. -
图 1 土耳其2023年2月6日MW7.8和MW7.5双强震发震构造
CSZ—塞浦路斯俯冲带；DSF—死海断裂；EAF—东安纳托利亚断裂；NAF—北安纳托利亚断裂
a—板块边界断裂带(黑线)和相对于稳定欧亚大陆的代表性GPS速度(白色箭头；据Pousse-Beltran et al., 2020修改，数据来自Kreemer et al.，2014)；b—MW7.8和MW7.5双强震地表破裂带空间分布(2023年2月6日双震震源机制解数据来自美国地质调查局USGS：MW7.8数据网址https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000jllz/executive ，MW 7.5数据网址https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000jlqa/executive ；活动断层数据来自Şaroğlu et al., 1992)Figure 1. Seismogenic faults of the MW7.8 and MW7.5 double strong earthquakes in Turkey on February 6, 2023
(a) Plate boundary fault zones (black lines) and representative GPS velocities relative to stable Eurasia (white arrows); modified from Pousse-Beltran et al., 2020; data from Kreemer et al., 2014; CSZ-Cyprus Subduction Zone; DSF-Dead Sea Fault; EAF-East Anatolian Fault; NAF-North Anatolian Fault; (b) Spatial distribution of surface rupture zones for the MW7.8 and MW7.5 double strong earthquakes; source mechanism data for the double events on February 6, 2023 from the United States Geological Survey (USGS; MW7.8
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000jllz/executive and MW7.5,https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000jlqa/executive ); elevation data retrieved from SRTM 90 m from Jarvis et al., 2008, active fault data from Şaroğlu et al., 1992
图 2 利用COSI-Corr提取断层同震变形的技术流程
Figure 2. Technical workflow for extracting fault coseismic deformation using COSI-Corr
图 3 土耳其2023年2月6日MW7.8和MW7.5双强震地表同震变形场
A和A’为MW7.8地震地表破裂的端点；B和B’为MW7.5地震地表破裂端点
a—东西向变形场；b—南北向变形场Figure 3. Surface coseismic deformation field for the double strong earthquakes of MW7.8 and MW7.5 in Turkey on February 6, 2023
(a) East-West deformation field; (b) North-South deformation field
A and A' are the endpoints of the surface rupture for the MW7.8 earthquake in Fig. 3, and B and B' are the endpoints of the surface rupture for the MW7.5 earthquake.
图 4 土耳其2023年2月6日MW7.8和MW7.5双强震沿断层方向走滑位移分布
A和A’为图 3中的MW7.8地震地表破裂的端点; B和B’为MW7.5地震地表破裂端点
Figure 4. Distribution of strike-slip displacement along the fault direction of double strong earthquakes of MW7.8 and MW7.5 in Turkey on February 6, 2023
A and A' are the endpoints of the surface rupture for the MW7.8 earthquake in Fig. 3, and B and B' are the endpoints of the surface rupture for the MW7.5 earthquake.
图 5 COSI-corr方法与传统野外测量方法的土耳其MW7.8强震沿断层方向走滑位移对比
Figure 5. Comparison of strike-slip displacement along the fault direction for the Turkey MW7.8 strong earthquake using COSI-Corr method and traditional field measurement method
表 1 文章使用的哨兵2号光学影像信息
Table 1. Sentinel 2 optical image information used in this article
震前影像编号 采集时间 波段 震后影像序号 采集时间 波段 T37SBA-before 2023年1月20日 Band8 T37SBA-after 2023年2月9日 Band8 T37SBB-before 2023年1月20日 Band8 T37SBB-after 2023年2月9日 Band8 T37SBC-before 2023年1月10日 Band8 T37SBC-after 2023年2月9日 Band8 T37SCA-before 2023年1月20日 Band8 T37SCA-after 2023年2月9日 Band8 T37SCB-before 2023年1月20日 Band8 T37SCB-after 2023年2月9日 Band8 T37SCC-before 2023年1月10日 Band8 T37SCC-after 2023年2月9日 Band8 T37SDB-before 2023年1月27日 Band8 T37SDB-after 2023年2月9日 Band8 T37SDC-before 2023年1月10日 Band8 T37SDC-after 2023年2月9日 Band8 
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