Avoidance distance and influence range of active faults: A case study of Litang fault
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摘要: 活动断层除引发强震外，还会引起工程错断、蠕滑变形和诱发地质灾害，严重威胁重大工程规划建设和安全运营。在同震地表破裂资料统计的基础上，建立了不同性质活动断层的避让距离，讨论了影响不同出露区断层避让距离的因素，以及活动断层带极强、强、中强和中等影响区范围。研究结果认为正断层上盘的避让距离不小于30 m，下盘不小于15 m；逆断层上盘避让距离不小于45 m，下盘不小于15 m；走滑断层避让距离不小于30 m。同时，基于遥感解译、野外调查、断层剖面和浅层地震勘探等资料，分析了青藏高原理塘断裂带理塘段（理塘断裂）的避让距离与影响范围。研究结果显示：理塘断裂为全新世活动断层，运动性质以走滑运动为主兼有正断分量，其上盘避让距离为30 m，下盘避让距离为15 m。理塘断裂的极强、中强、强和中等活动影响区分别为154 m、154～500 m、500～1000 m和1000～3000 m，研究结果可为区域重大工程规划建设和国土空间管控提供基础资料。Abstract:
Objective Active faults can not only trigger strong earthquakes, but also cause engineering breaks, creep deformation, and geological disasters, which seriously threaten the planning, construction, and safe operation of major projects. Methods In this study, based on the statistics of coseismic surface ruptures, the avoidance distances of faults with different properties and the ranges of extremely strong, strong, less strong, and moderately affected areas of active fault zones are established. Remote sensing, a geological survey, dislocation landforms, and shallow seismic exploration were used to analyze, the avoidance distance and affected area of the Litang fault on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Conclusion This study concludes that the hanging wall and footwall avoidance distances of normal faults are not less than 30 m and 15 m, respectively; the hanging wall and footwall avoidance distances of thrust faults are not less than 45 m and 15 m, respectively; the avoidance distance of strike-slip faults is not less than 30 m. The Litang fault is mainly characterized by strike-slip with normal fault components, and its hanging-wall avoidance distance is 30 m and its footwall avoidance distance is 15 m. The extremely strong, strongly, less strong, and moderately affected areas of the Litang fault zones are 154 m, 154-500 m, 500-1000 m, and 1000-3000 m, respectively. [Significance] The research provides basic data for the planning and construction of major projects and the spatial control of the national land. -
Key words:
- active faults /
- avoidance distances /
- influence range /
- Litang fault /
- Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
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图 1 不同运动性质断层位移与地表破裂带宽度的关系
a—正断层避让距离统计分布图；b—逆断层地震破裂垂直位移与地表破裂带宽度的关系；c—走滑断层地震破裂水平位移与地表破裂带宽度的关系
Figure 1. The relationships between the displacements of faults with different kinematic properties and the widths of the surface ruptures
(a) The statistical distribution of the avoidance distance of normal faults; (b) The relationship between the vertical displacement of the seismic rupture and the surface rupture width for reverse faults; (c) The relationship between the horizontal displacement of the seismic rupture and the width of the surface rupture zone for strike-slip faults
图 2 走滑断层上、下盘避让距离及计算方法示意图（《活动断层避让》征求意见稿，2019）
Figure 2. Schematic diagram avoidance distances and calculation methods for the hanging wall and footwall of a strike-slip fault (“ Setback distance for active fault ”, 2019)
(a) The inclination angle is close to 90°; (b) The terrain is flat ,with an inclination of less than 90°
图 3 同震滑坡发生峰值与距发震断层距离统计图（据He et al.，2022修改）
Figure 3. The relationship between the distance of a seismic landslide and the inducing fault (modified after He et al., 2022)
图 4 小鱼洞房屋破坏程度与距离活动断层关系
Figure 4. Degree of damage to buildings in Xiaoyudong in relation to the distance from the active fault
图 5 理塘断裂几何展布及第四纪晚期活动性
a—理塘断裂几何展布；b—爬弄垛山前断层三角面及挡水凸起；c—牧民新村地表破裂；d—爬弄垛山前断层剖面；e—村戈乡查卡村野外断层剖面；f—村戈乡查卡村断层剖面图
Figure 5. Geometric distribution of the Litang fault and late Quaternary seismic activity
(a) Geometric distribution of the Litang fault zone; (b) Fault triangles and water-retaining bulges in the piedmont of Panongduo; (c) Muminxincun surface rupture; (d) Fault section in front of Panongduo Mountain; (e) Fault section of Chaka villiage, Cunge; (f) Fault section of Chaka villiage, Cunge
图 6 理塘断裂牧民新村微动勘探剖面解译与地下三维解释图
a—理塘断裂微动勘探区；b—理塘断裂微动勘探横波速度剖面解释图；c—理塘断裂地下三维解释图
Figure 6. Exploration profile and interpretation of microdynamics in Muminxincun
(a) Litang fault micro-dynamics exploration area; (b) Interpretation of a shear wave velocity profile for fretting exploration of the Litang fault; (c) Three-dimensional sub-surcace interpretation of the Litang fault
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