致密砂岩裂缝网络复杂性及其影响因素研究

刘圣鑫; 付汇琪; 冯兴强; 韩晓祥; 王炳乾

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2023128

致密砂岩裂缝网络复杂性及其影响因素研究

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2023128

刘圣鑫^{1, 2,},
付汇琪^3, ,,
冯兴强^{1, 2},
韩晓祥^{2, 4},
王炳乾⁴

1.
中国地质科学院地质力学研究所，北京 100081
2.
中国地质调查局油气地质力学重点实验室，北京 100081
3.
吉林省地质矿产局二所，吉林吉林 132001
4.
中国矿业大学（北京）力学与土木工程学院，北京 100083

基金项目: 中国地质调查局地质调查项目（DD20243449）；国家自然科学基金项目（42277167）

详细信息

作者简介:
刘圣鑫（1978—），男，助理研究员，主要从事岩石力学研究。Email：807228351@qq.com

通讯作者:
付汇琪（1983—），女，高级工程师，主要从事大地构造研究。Email：253458813@qq.com

中图分类号: TD315
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-08-03
- 修回日期: 2023-12-18
- 录用日期: 2024-01-04
- 预出版日期: 2024-01-04
- 刊出日期: 2024-08-28

Fracture network complexity of tight sandstone and its influencing factors

LIU Shengxin^{1, 2
,},
FU Huiqi^{3
, ,},
FENG Xingqiang^{1, 2},
HAN Xiaoxiang^{2, 4},
WANG Bingqian⁴

1.
Institue of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geomechanics, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100081, China
3.
The Second Survey of Jilin Geological mineral, Jilin 132001, Jilin, China
4.
School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China

Funds: This research is financially supported by the Geological Survey Projects of the China Geological Survey (Grant No. DD20221660) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42277167).

摘要

摘要: 裂缝网络分析在油气藏勘探开发过程中发挥着着重要作用，致密砂岩裂缝网络复杂性分析对水力压裂优化、裂缝网络预测、裂缝建模等具有重要意义。文章结合致密砂岩复杂的裂缝网络动态演化的实验研究，明确了裂缝网络的分形和多重分形谱特征，深入分析了裂缝网络的复杂性及其主控因素。通过岩石力学和X射线CT扫描实验确定了岩石力学和裂缝网络特征；通过扫描电镜实验、裂缝网络的分形分析定量化表征了致密砂岩微观组构和裂缝网络的分形特征。研究结果表明：致密砂岩的石英含量为 28.08～52.88%，黏土含量为11.54～25.45%，粒度为61.18～184.55 μm，孔隙度为8.125%～10.296%；单轴抗压强度介于69.09～188.33 MPa，弹性模量介于31.69～92.76 GPa；分形维数（D_B）为1.28～2.35，谱宽（Δα）平均值为1.0851～1.3638。裂缝的萌生、扩展贯穿于应力–应变的全过程，裂缝网络的复杂性主要受控于致密砂岩的微观组构特征，并且具有明显的围压和尺度效应。三维裂缝网络的分形维数、多重分形谱的谱宽平均值可分别表征裂缝空间分布的复杂性和非均质性，两者之间具有相对的独立性。砂岩中石英、长石等脆性矿物含量越高、储层孔隙度越大、砂岩组成粒度越小裂缝网络分形维数越大，谱宽平均值越小；无围压情况下，样品裂缝网络的复杂性主要受控于微观组构特征，且随着轴向压力的增加而增加；存在围压的情况下，围压起主导作用，围压越大分形维数越小，谱宽平均值越大。而黏土矿物不利于复杂裂缝的形成；小尺度样品的分形维数和谱宽平均值大于尺度大样品的分形维数和谱宽平均值。砂岩的弹性模量和抗压强度与分形维数和谱宽平均值具有一定的正相关性。
- 致密砂岩 /
- 裂缝网络 /
- 分形维数 /
- 多重分形谱 /
- 岩石力学
Abstract: Objective Fracture network analysis plays an important role in oil and gas exploration and development. However, complexity analysis of tight sandstone fracture networks and their control factors is relatively lagging. Based on an experimental study of the dynamic evolution of the complex fracture network in tight sandstone, the fractal and multifractal spectral characteristics of the fracture network were defined, and the complexity and main controlling factors of the fracture network were analyzed. Fracture network complexity analysis of tight sandstone plays an important role in hydraulic fracturing optimization, fracture network prediction, and fracture modeling. Methods Rock mechanics and X-ray computed tomography scan experiments determined the characteristics of rock mechanics and fracture networks . The microstructure and fracture network fractal characteristics of tight sandstone were quantitatively characterized by SEM and fracture network fractal analysis. Results The results showed that the quartz content of tight sandstone ranges from 28.08 to 52.88%, clay content ranges from 11.54 to 25.45%, particle size ranges from 61.18 to 184.55 μm, and porosity ranges from 8.125 to 10.296%. Uniaxial compressive strength ranges from 69.09 to 188.33 MPa, and the elastic modulus ranges from 31.69 to 92.76 GPa. The fractal dimension (D_B) ranges from 1.28 to 2.35 and average spectral width (Δα) ranges from 1.0851 to 1.3638. Conclusion The initiation and propagation of fractures extend through the entire stress–strain process. The complexity of the fracture network of tight sandstone is mainly controlled by microscopic fabric characteristics, and has obvious confining pressure as well as scale effects. The D_B of the three-dimensional fracture network and average Δα of the multifractal spectrum represents the complexity and heterogeneity of the fracture spatial distribution, respectively, and are relatively independent. As the content of quartz, feldspar, and other brittle minerals in sandstone increases, the porosity of the reservoir increases, particle size of the sandstone decreases, D_B of the fracture network increases, and average Δα decreases. In the absence of confining pressure, the complexity of the sample fracture network is mainly controlled by the microscopic fabric characteristics, and the complexity increases with increase of axial pressure. When present confining pressure plays a leading role; the higher it is, the lower the D_B value, and the higher the mean Δα value. Clay minerals are unconducive to complex fractures formation. The mean values of D_B and Δα of small-scale samples are greater than those of large-scale samples. The elastic modulus and compressive strength of sandstone are positively correlated with D_B and mean Δα.
- tight sandstone /
- fracture network /
- fractal dimension /
- multifractal spectrum /
- rock mechanics

HTML全文

图 1 微米CT内置压缩装置及数据处理过程

a—实验装置；b—处理流程

Figure 1. Micron CT built-in compression device and data processing process diagram

(a) Experimental equipment; (b) Processing processes

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图 2 多重分形谱示意图

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of multifractal spectrum

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图 3 砂岩样品的扫描电镜图像和矿物分析（2个样品的粒度有显著的差异）

a—样品1-1背散射图像；b—样品1-2背散射图像；c—样品1-1AMICS矿物分析图；d—样品1-2AMICS矿物分析图

Figure 3. Backscattering image and mineral analysis diagram of sandstone sample.

(a) Sample 1-1 backscatter image; (b) Sample 1-2 backscatter images; (c) Sample 1-1AMICS mineral analysis diagram; (d) Sample 1-2AMICS mineral analysis diagram (there is a significant difference in particle size between the two samples)

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图 4 致密砂岩单轴压缩应力与轴向位移曲线

Figure 4. Uniaxial compression stress and axial displacement curve of sandstone

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图 5 1-1样品的应力–轴向位移曲线和不同载荷下的三维裂缝网络（不同颜色代表不同的CT扫描次数）

Figure 5. Stress-axial displacement curves of 1-1 samples and three-dimensional fracture networks under different loads (colors represent different CT scans)

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图 6 QXY组样品不同载荷下的三维裂缝网络（CT扫描后经过数据处理得到三维裂缝网络，用颜色区分不同的扫描次数。次数1—4为破裂前扫描，次数5为破裂后扫描）

Figure 6. Three-dimensional crack network of QXY group samples under different loads(3D fracture network is obtained through data processing after CT scan, and the colors represent different scan times. digits 1-4 were scanned before rupture and digits 5 is scanned after rupture).

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图 7 QDY组砂岩样品破裂后的二维CT切片和三维裂缝网络（图中x、y、z为坐标，数字代表切片位置）

a—xy方向的CT切片；b—xz方向的CT切片；c—yz方向的CT切片；d—三维裂缝网络

Figure 7. Two-dimensional CT slices and three-dimensional fracture network of sandstone samples of QDY formation after fracture

(a) xy direction CT section; (b) xz direction CT section; (c) yz direction CT section; (d) 3D crack network (x, y and z are coordinates, and the numbers represent slice positions)

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图 8 砂岩样品的二维裂缝网络和对应的多重分形谱

a—最大分形维数为1.51的二维裂缝网络； b—最大分形维数为1.45的二维裂缝网络；c—最大分形维数为1.31的二维裂缝网络；d—多重分形谱

Figure 8. Two-dimensional fracture network and corresponding multifractal spectrum of sandstone samples.

(a) Two-dimensional fracture network with a maximum fractal dimension of 1.51; (b) Two-dimensional fracture network with a maximum fractal dimension of 1.45; (c) Two-dimensional fracture network with a maximum fractal dimension of 1.31; (d) Multifractal spectrum

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图 9 二维裂缝网络多重分形谱的最大分形维数与谱宽之间的关系（图中数字为样品编号）

Figure 9. Relationship between the maximum fractal dimension and the spectral width of the multifractal spectrum of a two-dimensional fracture network (the number in the figure is the sample number)

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图 10 矿物含量与三维分形维数（$ {D_B} $）、谱宽（$ \Delta \alpha $）平均值之间的关系(单轴压缩样品的数据)

a—三维分形维数与矿物含量； b—谱宽平均值与矿物含量

Figure 10. Relationship between mineral content and three-dimensional fractal dimension as well as mean spectral width (uniaxial compression sample data)

(a) Three-dimensional fractal dimension and mineral content; (b) Average spectral width and mineral content;

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图 11 QXY组砂岩孔隙度与谱宽平均值和三维裂缝网络分形维数之间的关系

Figure 11. Relationship between the porosity of QXY formation sandstone and the mean value of and the fractal dimension of three-dimensional fracture network

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图 12 砂岩试样颗粒粒度分布图

Figure 12. Grain size distribution of sandstone samples

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图 13 砂岩平均粒径与三维裂缝网络分形维数（$ {D_B} $）、谱宽（$ \Delta \alpha $）平均值之间的关系（单轴压缩样品的数据）

a—三维裂缝网络分形维数与粒度； b—谱宽平均值与粒度

Figure 13. Relation shaps between average particle size of sandstone and fractal dimension as well as average spectral width of three-dimensional fracture network (data of uniaxial compression sample)

(a) Fractal dimension of three-dimensional fracture network and particle size; (b) Average spectral width and particle size

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图 14 砂岩三维裂缝网络的分形维数随应力的增加的变化趋势

Figure 14. Effect of stress level on fractal dimension of sandstone 3D fracture network changes with the increase of stress

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图 15 围压与分形维数和谱宽平均值之间的关系

Figure 15. Relationship between confining pressure and fractal dimension and mean spectral width

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表 1 致密砂岩试样矿物含量及粒度特征

Table 1. Mineral content and particle size characteristics of tight sandstone samples

样品组	样品编号	石英/%	长石/%	黏土/%	其他/%	粒度平均值/μm
QXY	1-1	52.88	15.19	11.54	20.39	184.55
	1-2	28.08	6.65	22.38	32.89	61.18
	1-3	45.37	15.05	14.90	20.68	71.42
QDY	2-1	39.99	21.09	25.45	13.47	65.12
	2-2	36.90	34.93	18.15	10.02	130.59
	2-3	37.77	28.12	14.85	19.26	79.08
	2-4	46.18	26.61	24.98	2.23	110.23

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表 2 致密砂岩的裂缝网络体积和孔隙度

Table 2. Volume and porosity of 3D fracture network

样品组	样品编号	孔隙度/%	孔隙体积/‰
QXY	1-1	10.296	3.54E+09
	1-2	8.516	3.26E+09
	1-3	8.917	3.43E+09
QDY	2-1	8.125	1.96E+12
	2-2	8.288	1.84E+12
	2-3	8.654	1.97E+12
	2-4	8.123	1.68E+12

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表 3 致密砂岩试样基本物理力学参数

Table 3. Basic physical and mechanical parameters of tight sandstone samples

样品组	样品编号	直径/mm	高度/mm	围压/MPa	抗压强度/MPa	弹性模量/GPa	泊松比
QXY	1-1	4.00	8.12	0	69.09	31.69	/
	1-2	4.00	7.92	0	125.79	67.47	/
	1-3	4.00	8.06	0	188.33	92.76	/
QDY	2-1	25.00	49.97	0	110.77	22.03	0.279
	2-2	25.00	50.01	0	80.97	14.29	0.260
	2-3	25.00	50.11	15	187.95	25.81	0.259
	2-4	25.00	50.07	30	234.27	27.98	0.288

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表 4 裂缝网络分形特征参数

Table 4. Fractal characteristic parameters of fracture network

样品组	样品编号	二维$ \Delta \alpha $平均值	三维分形维数$ {D_B} $
QXY	1-1	1.2173	2.35
	1-2	1.3638	2.12
	1-3	1.1924	2.20
QDY	2-1	1.3133	1.59
	2-2	1.2267	1.92
	2-3	1.0066	1.48
	2-4	1.0851	1.28

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