Fission track ages and Mesozoic tectonic uplift in the Niushoushan-Luoshan area on the western edge of the Ordos Basin
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摘要:
鄂尔多斯盆地西缘及其邻区经历了中—新生代复杂的构造演化过程, 其中生代以来的构造隆升和区域热演化历史研究仍需要进一步的年代学证据。牛首山—罗山地区紧邻鄂尔多斯盆地西缘的冲断带, 其中生代的隆升过程对于研究盆地西缘中生代构造事件具有非常重要的意义。文章通过磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)分析及热史模拟限定牛首山—罗山地区中生代的隆升过程及其时限, 结果表明该地区中生代抬升主要发生在中侏罗世(170 Ma)—早白垩世末(110 Ma), 罗山地区的抬升(170 Ma)要略早于牛首山地区(160 Ma), 这期抬升主要与祁连造山带向北东方向挤出有关。综合分析已有研究成果表明, 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘及其邻区中生代抬升的启动时间为晚三叠世, 整体可分为两期: 第一期抬升发生在晚三叠世(220 Ma)—早侏罗世末期(185 Ma); 第二期抬升发生于中侏罗世(175 Ma)—早白垩世末(110 Ma), 牛首山—罗山地区的抬升则属于鄂尔多斯盆地西缘第二期抬升的一部分。鄂尔多斯盆地西缘中生代两期构造抬升分别显示出由南向北、由西南向东北方向传递的特征, 推测与晚三叠世华北、华南板块碰撞以及中—晚侏罗世拉萨地块向北东方向汇聚有关。
Abstract:The western margin of the Ordos Basin and its adjacent regions have undergone a complex tectonic evolution from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic era. However, the question of tectonic uplift since the Cenozoic era remains a topic of contention, and the regional thermal evolution history necessitates precise chronological evidence. Situated close to the thrust belt within the western margin of the Ordos Basin, the Niushoushan-Luoshan area holds pivotal significance in unraveling the Mesozoic tectonic events within the basin's confines. Through a meticulous exploration employing apatite fission track (AFT) analysis and thermal history simulation, this study delineates the Mesozoic uplift sequence and its temporal confines in the Niushoushan-Luoshan area. The results reveal that the Mesozoic uplift within this region predominantly occurred during the Middle Jurassic period (170 Ma) to the end of the Early Cretaceous (110 Ma). Furthermore, we observe a slightly earlier onset of uplift in the Luoshan area (170 Ma) compared to the Niushoushan area (160 Ma). This uplift is primarily attributed to the north-eastward extrusion of the Qilian orogenic belt. Combining our findings with existing research, we propose that the Cenozoic uplift in the western margin of the Ordos Basin and its adjacent areas started during the Late Triassic, comprising two distinct phases: the first phase unfolding from the Late Triassic (220 Ma) to the end of the Early Jurassic (185 Ma), and the second phase occurring from the Middle Jurassic (175 Ma) to the end of the Early Cretaceous (110 Ma); the uplift in the Niushoushan-Luoshan area is part of the second phase of uplift along the western margin of the Ordos Basin. The two Cenozoic tectonic uplift phases along the western margin of the Ordos Basin display characteristics of north-to-south and southwest-to-northeast propagation, respectively. It is inferred to be associated with the Late Triassic collision between the North China and South China blocks, as well as the movement of the Lhasa Block converging toward the northeast during the Middle to Late Jurassic.
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Key words:
- chronology /
- fission track /
- Ordos /
- tectonic uplift /
- Niushoushan-Luoshan /
- Mesozoic
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图 1 牛首山—罗山地区区域地质简图及构造地貌特征(据陈虹等，2013修改)
Figure 1. Sketch geological map of the Niushoushan-Luoshan area and morphologic characteristics (revised from Chen et al., 2013)
图 2 AFT采样位置图
a—牛首山、罗山样品位置平面图；b—牛首山、罗山样品位置剖面图
Figure 2. AFT sampling locations
(a) Plans of the sample locations in the Niushoushan and Luoshan areas; (b) Profiles of the sample locations in the Niushoushan and Luoshan area
图 3 牛首山—罗山地区AFT长度分布图
Figure 3. AFT length distribution charts for the Niushoushan-Luoshan area
图 4 牛首山—罗山地区AFT年龄组分分解图
a—单颗粒年龄分布雷达图; b—单颗粒年龄分布直方图
Figure 4. Estimating age populations in a mixed distribution of AFT analysis in the Niushoushan-Luoshan area
(a) Radar plot of single particle age distribution; (b) Single particle age distribution histogram
图 5 牛首山—罗山地区样品裂变径迹年龄分布图
Figure 5. Distribution of fission track ages in the Niushoushan-Luoshan area
图 6 牛首山—罗山地区AFT热史模拟图
图中浅色区域为可接受的拟合路径区域，深色区域为拟合较好的路径区域，黑色实线表示最佳拟合路径；实测与模拟长度均为径迹长度，μm
a—牛首山地区AFT热史模拟图；b—罗山地区AFT热史模拟图Figure 6. Thermal history based on AFT inverse modeling in the Niushoushan-Luoshan area
(a) AFT thermal history simulation of the Niushoushan area; (b) AFT thermal history simulation of the Luoshan area
The light area in the figure is the acceptable fitting path area, the dark area is the better fitting path area, and the black solid line represents the best fitting path. Both measured and simulated lengths are track lengths (μm)
图 7 牛首山—罗山磷灰石裂变径迹年龄-高程图
Figure 7. Age and altitude of fission track samples in the Niushoushan-Luoshan area
图 8 鄂尔多斯西缘及邻区中生代AFT样品年龄分布图
图中数字为裂变径迹中值年龄/Ma
Figure 8. Age distribution of Mesozoic AFT samples from the western edge of Ordos and adjacent areas
The numbers in the figure represent the median age (Ma) of the fission track.
图 9 鄂尔多斯西缘南部及其邻区AFT热史模拟数据统计图
灰色区域代表快速冷却的发生时限
a—一期抬升；b—二期抬升Figure 9. Statistical chart of the AFT thermal history simulation data in the southern part of the western edge of the Ordos Basin and its adjacent areas
(a) Phase-Ⅰ uplift; (b) Phase-Ⅱ uplift
The grey area represents the time limit for rapid cooling
图 10 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘及其邻区中生代隆升模式图
a—晚三叠世—早侏罗世；b—中侏罗世—早白垩世
Figure 10. Mesozoic uplift model of the west edge of the Ordos Basin and its adjacent areas
(a) Late Triassic-Early Jurassic; (b) Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
表 1 牛首山—罗山地区AFT测试分析数据表
Table 1. AFT test analysis data table for the Niushoushan-Luoshan area
样品号 采样坐标 高程/m 采样点 采样
地层颗粒数/n ρs(Ns)/(105/cm2) ρi(Ni)/(105/cm2) ρd(Nd)/(105/cm2) P(χ2)/% 中值年龄
±1σ/MaL(N)/μm EXC049 37°45′23″N
105°59′08″E1365 牛首山 O2mb 28 7.072(942) 11.247(1498) 10.474(7312) 83.50 136±10 12.7±1.6(105) EXC050 37°45′19″N
105°59′12″E1419 牛首山 O2mb 28 6.334(1366) 10.780(2325) 10.477(7312) 0.15 121±10 12.9±1.4(104) EXC052 37°45′54″N
105°59′14″E1528 牛首山 O2mb 28 4.595(716) 6.835(1065) 10.330(7312) 48.00 141±12 12.8±1.4(114) EXC053 37°46′05″N
105°59′15″E1635 牛首山 O2mb 28 6.068(1134) 11.859(2216) 10.481(7312) 8.30 111±8 12.7±1.3(103) EXC055 37°46′21″N
105°59′05″E1762 牛首山 O2mb 28 4.680(1064) 8.629(1962) 10.179(7312) 34.40 114±8 12.5±1.7(106) EXC214 37°18′14″N
106°16′55″E2610 罗山 O2mb 4 13.449(138) 19.555(204) 10.477(7312) 44.00 146±18 — EXC215 37°18′16″N
106°17′02″E2564 罗山 O2mb 28 7.864(824) 12.950(1357) 10.475(7312) 45.80 131±10 12.3±1.8(107) EXC217 37°17′01″N
106°16′56″E2435 罗山 O2mb 14 6.634(566) 9.939(848) 10.473(7312) 51.30 144±12 12.7±1.7(119) EXC219 37°15′46″N
106°16′38″E2174 罗山 O2mb 28 5.775(1489) 8.680(2238) 10.470(7312) 10.20 143±11 12.6±2.5(103) 备注：n为样品颗粒数；ρs、ρi、ρd分别为样品的自发裂变径迹密度、诱发裂变径迹密度和标准铀玻璃产生在白云母外探测器上的诱发裂变径迹密度；Ns、Ni、Nd分别为与ρs、ρi、ρd相对应的径迹数目；P(χ2)为χ2统计值；N为所测径迹数目。 
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表 2 代表性样品磷灰石热史模拟检测K-S值与Age GOF值统计表
Table 2. Statistical of K-S value and Age GOF value of the thermal history simulation test for representative samples of apatite
样品号 K-S值 模拟径迹长度/μm 实测径迹长度/μm Age GOF值 模拟年龄值/Ma 实测年龄值/Ma EXC049 0.45 12.95±1.43 12.67±1.56 0.95 136 136±10 EXC050 0.39 13.15±1.40 12.93±1.37 1.00 127 127±9 EXC052 0.54 12.92±1.40 12.81±1.38 1.00 143 143±11 EXC055 0.56 12.56±1.85 12.48±1.71 0.99 114 114±8 EXC215 0.42 12.81±1.64 12.33±1.82 0.99 141 140±10 EXC217 0.35 12.91±1.65 12.68±1.74 0.98 143 144±12 备注：K-S值表示径迹长度与实测值的吻合程度；Age GOF值是模拟年龄值与测试年龄值的吻合程度；若K-S值、Age GOF值均大于0.05，表明结果比较可信，若二者均大于0.5，表明结果可信。
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表 3 鄂尔多斯西缘南部已有AFT热史模拟样品数据
Table 3. AFT thermal history simulation sample data in the southern part of the western edge of the Ordos Basin
采样区域 样品号 采样地层 岩性 年龄/Ma 径迹长度/μm P(χ2)/% 文献来源 海原 9-4 Pz 花岗岩 130±7 12.2±2.0 20.00 Lin et al., 2011 海原 HFE11 Pz 花岗岩 132.7±7.2 12.28±0.2 - Duvall et al., 2013 石沟驿 SG16 T 砂岩 89±6 12.6±2.0 0.10 马静辉和何登发, 2019 SG24 T 砂岩 79±5 12.8±2.1 0.90 CS40 T 砂岩 91±6 12.7±2.0 0.00 MS44 K 砂岩 72±5 13.1±1.6 5.60 罗山 LS88 T 砂岩 72±4 12.8±2.1 75.90 海原 HY-1 T 砂岩 116.6±5.2 13.65±1.05 97.43 HY-2 T 砂岩 110.1±4.9 13.51±1.00 85.78 HY-3 J 砂岩 117.6±4.4 13.55±1.11 24.12 平凉 XY-1 T 砂岩 158.5±12.1 13.79±1.16 18.76 彭恒, 2020 XY-2 T 砂岩 157.1±9.3 13.68±1.2 71.03 XY-3 T 砂岩 168.7±10.4 13.45±0.94 94.48 月亮山 HSZ-1 Pz 花岗岩 158.4±8.9 13.13±1.09 91.69 HSZ-2 Pz 花岗岩 145±11.2 12.67±1.07 36.76 平凉 XY3 T 砂岩 168.7±10.4 12.24±0.16 94.48 王建强等, 2020 鄂尔多斯南缘 WB5 T 砂岩 172.9±7.6 11.9±0.2 15.93 Zhang et al., 2018 WB6 T 砂岩 185.6±7.9 12.3±0.4 24.05 备注：表中采样区域按图 8中出现的地名进行划分，具体采样地点见样品对应的参考文献
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