Genesis mechanism and disaster-causing significance of the mud-coated gravel in the Hunshui gully, Min County, Gansu Province
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摘要:
2020年8月, 甘东南地区持续降雨且伴随多个强降雨过程, 岷县梅川镇浑水沟暴发泥石流, 左岸方家山滑坡失稳下滑, 严重威胁沟口成兰铁路安全。基于野外调查、遥感解译和室内测试结果, 分析泥包砾的形态结构、矿物组成以及堆积特征, 研究泥包砾形成的地质环境和机制, 探讨泥包砾的灾害意义。研究结果表明: 泥包砾分布于浑水沟流通区下游及堆积区, 呈球形且具多层结构, 由石英、方解石、黏土矿物等组成, 其形成主要受控于流域第四系黄土和古近系泥岩中的黏土矿物, 而较缓的沟道、岸坡黄土滑坡和崩塌的发育以及适宜的水动力条件, 促进了泥包砾的形成和自生加大; 泥石流冲击力随着泥包砾粒径的增大而增大, 再起动所需临界泥石流流速相较于块石较小; 泥包砾是古近系泥岩与泥石流共同作用的结果, 具有加剧泥石流危害的作用, 因此亟需治理浑水沟泥石流以保证成兰铁路的安全运营。
Abstract:In August 2020, due to the continuous rainfall in southeast Gansu, especially the heavy rainfall processes, debris flows broke out in the Hunshui gully. The left bank of the Fangjiashan landslide was destabilized and sliding, seriously threatening the safety of the Chengdu-Lanzhou Railway at the mouth of the gully. Based on the field investigation results, remote sensing interpretation, and laboratory tests, we studied the mud-coated gravel's morphology, mineral composition, and accumulation characteristics, analyzed the geological environment and mechanism for its formation and discussed its disaster-causing significance. The results show that mud-coated gravels are distributed in the lower reaches of the circulation area and the accumulation area. It presents a spherical and multi-layered structure composed of quartz, calcite, clay minerals, etc. Its formation is mainly controlled by the clay minerals in the Quaternary loess and Paleogene mudstone in the basin. The slow-moving gullies, landslides, and collapses developed on the bank slope as well as appropriate hydrodynamic conditions, promoted the formation and autogenesis of the mud-coated gravel. The impact force of debris flow increases with the particle size of mud-coated gravel, and the critical velocity required for restarting a debris flow is smaller than that of block rock. Mud-coated gravel is the result of the joint action of the Paleogene mudstone and debris flow, and it can aggravate the debris flow hazard. Therefore, it is urgent to control the debris flows in the Hunshui gully to ensure the safe operation of the Chengdu-Lanzhou Railway.
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Key words:
- mud-coated gravel /
- debris flow /
- clay mineral /
- formation mechanism /
- impact force /
- threshold velocity
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责任编辑：王婧
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图 1 浑水沟流域及周边地质略图
Figure 1. Geological sketch of the Hunshui gully basin and its surroundings
图 2 浑水沟泥石流流域崩滑流精细解译及泥包砾分布图
Figure 2. Fine interpretation of the collapses, landslides and debris flows in the Hunshui gully basin, showing the distribution of the mud-coated gravels
图 3 浑水沟泥包砾分布堆积及形态结构
Figure 3. Distribution, accumulation and morphological structure of the mud-coated gravels in the Hunshui gully
图 4 取样点位置及泥包砾样品图
Figure 4. Photos of the sampling locations and the mud-coated gravel samples
图 5 泥包砾结构分层中各类矿物含量百分比
Figure 5. Content percentage of minerals in the structural layer of the mud-coated gravel
图 6 泥包砾结构分层中黏土矿物含量加权百分比
Figure 6. Weighted percentage of the clay mineral contents in the structural stratification of mud-coated gravel
图 7 浑水沟流域坡度变化及沟道纵横剖面图
Figure 7. Map of slope gradient and diagrams of the longitudinal and cross-sectional profiles of the Hunshui gully
图 8 梅川镇下文斗观测站2020年8月23日24小时降水量变化
Figure 8. 24-hour precipitation change recorded by the Xiawendou observation station in Meichuan town on August 23, 2020
图 9 浑水沟泥包砾形成演化图
Figure 9. Evolution of the mud-coated gravel formation in the Hunshui gully
图 10 浑水沟沟口处泥石流泥位、泥包砾堆积及成兰铁路桥墩受力分析
Figure 10. Photos of the debris flow and mud-coated gravel accumulation at the mouth of the Hunshui gully and diagrams showing the force on the bridge pier of the Chengdu-Lanzhou Railway
图 11 冲击压力随泥包砾直径变化关系图
Figure 11. Variation of impact pressure with diameter of mud-coated gravel
图 12 卵石起动流速随卵石粒径、磨圆度变化关系图
Figure 12. Variation of pebble threshold velocity with pebble particle size and roundness
表 1 泥包砾、滑坡体前缘及风化层矿物成分及黏土矿物含量测试结果表
Table 1. Test results of the mineral composition and clay mineral content in the mud-coated gravel, in the front of the landslide mass and in the weathered layer
样品编号 矿物种类和含量/% 黏土矿物总量/% 黏土矿物相对含量/% 混层比S/% 石英 钾长石 斜长石 方解石 伊蒙混层 伊利石 高岭石 绿泥石 伊蒙混层 泥包砾1(外) 61.8 3.2 3.0 12.2 19.8 53.1 34.0 6.7 6.2 50.3 泥包砾1(中) 46.4 0.2 1.1 26.6 25.7 58.9 31.4 5.0 4.7 49.8 泥包砾1(内) 18.5 0.7 1.6 41.7 37.5 67.2 24.8 3.1 4.9 45.1 泥包砾2(外) 57.0 2.6 2.1 19.3 19.0 39.4 44.3 6.6 9.7 50.0 泥包砾2(中) 45.9 0.8 1.1 29.1 23.1 51.8 35.1 6.7 6.4 44.6 泥包砾2(内) 34.4 0.7 1.3 33.3 30.3 57.9 28.7 7.5 5.9 45.1 泥包砾3(外) 37.6 19.2 11.8 12.5 14.8 41.8 40.1 8.0 10.1 45.3 泥包砾3(内) 19.0 1.8 2.6 20.8 29.6 37.6 47.2 4.0 11.0 50.1 泥包砾4(外) 43.2 12.4 2.2 19.7 20.0 31.5 53.3 6.9 8.3 50.4 泥包砾4(内) 35.8 1.0 4.6 19.6 39.0 44.7 41.2 5.9 8.2 50.2 泥包砾5(外) 49.1 4.7 4.7 16.3 25.2 46.6 38.1 8.3 7.0 44.8 泥包砾5(内) 48.5 4.0 2.2 16.3 29.0 52.7 36.4 5.6 5.3 45.2 崩滑体前缘1 35.5 1.3 2.3 28.1 32.8 52.3 35.7 3.5 8.5 35.5 崩滑体前缘2 40.3 1.7 2.6 24.3 31.1 50.5 37.4 4.8 7.3 40.3 风化层1 54.3 1.7 3.3 13.3 27.4 47.3 34.6 8.5 9.6 54.3 风化层2 52.9 1.3 2.7 18.5 24.6 42.5 42.8 6.9 7.8 52.9 
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表 2 浑水沟不同地层灾害发育面积及占比
Table 2. Proportion of landslide and collapse areas in different strata of the Hunshui gully
灾害类型 灾害总面积/m2 古近系(E) 泥盆系(D) 发育面积/m2 占比/% 发育面积/m2 占比/% 滑坡 2530 2530 100 0 0 崩塌 1320 1200 90.9 120 9.1
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