Structural controls on hydrothermal tin deposit

XIAO Changhao; DENG Jun

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025148

Volume 31 Issue 5

Oct. 2025

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XIAO C H，DENG J，2025. Structural controls on hydrothermal tin deposit[J]. Journal of Geomechanics，31（5）：898−925 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025148

Citation:

XIAO C H，DENG J，2025. Structural controls on hydrothermal tin deposit[J]. Journal of Geomechanics，31（5）：898−925 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025148

Citation:

XIAO C H，DENG J，2025. Structural controls on hydrothermal tin deposit[J]. Journal of Geomechanics，31（5）：898−925 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025148

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Structural controls on hydrothermal tin deposit

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025148

XIAO Changhao^{1, 2, 3
,},
DENG Jun^{4, 5, 6
,
,}

1.
Laboratory of Dynamic Diagenesis and Metallogenesis, Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Deep Earth and Mineral Exploration, Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Paleomagnetism and Tectonic Reconstruction, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China
4.
School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
5.
State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
6.
Institute of Geological Research, Shandong Gold Group Co., LTD, Ji'nan 250101, Shandong, China

Funds: This research is financially supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project on Deep Earth Exploration (Grant No. 2024ZD1001701), the Key Research and Development Program of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Grant No. 2024AB21027)，the CGS Research Fund (Grant No. DZLXJK202521)，and the Geological Survey Project of the China Geological Survey (Grant No. DD20240127).

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Author Bio:
肖昌浩，研究员，博士生导师，现任中国地质科学院地质力学研究所矿田构造研究室副主任，中国地质大学（北京）兼职教授，深地探测与矿产勘查全国重点实验室第四研究部副主任，中国地球物理学会青年工作委员会委员。研究方向为矿田构造与成矿规律研究，先后主持深地国家科技重大专项课题、自然资源部新一轮找矿突破战略行动科技支撑项目等10余项，第一作者/通讯作者发表论文23篇，其中SCI/EI论文18篇。曾获广西科学技术进步二等奖1项、中国黄金协会科学技术进步二等奖5项。以第一完成人获2024年度自然资源科技进步奖（找矿奖）二等奖并入选中国地质调查局2024年度地质科技十大进展和中国地质科学院2024年度十大科技进展。获自然资源部高层次科技创新人才工程青年科技人才称号
Corresponding author: 邓军，中国地质大学（北京）教授，国家重点基础研究发展计划项目（973项目）首席科学家。主要从事区域成矿、矿田构造和成矿预测研究。以第一/通讯作者在PNAS、Science Advances、Geology等期刊发表 SCI 论文170余篇。获李四光地质科学奖，国家科技进步二等奖4项，排名第一的省部级特等奖和一等奖 6 项。
Received: 2025-10-09
Revised: 2025-10-31
Accepted: 2025-10-31

Available Online: 2025-11-06

Published: 2025-10-28

Abstract

Abstract

Objective As a critical mineral supporting strategic sectors such as the information industry, aerospace, and defense technology, tin exhibits an extremely uneven distribution of global resources. Conducting comparative studies on major global tin-producing regions is of great significance for understanding the metallogeny of tin deposits and for global tin exploration. To better comprehend the tectonic settings of tin deposit formation in different structural environments and to understand the structural styles of tin deposits, this paper systematically reviews the tectonic environments of typical tin deposits in continental rifts and three types of convergent plate boundaries (Andean-type continental margin, Western Pacific continental margin, collisional orogenic belt). We summarize the structural styles of tin deposits and present the following findings: Conclusion (1) Numerical simulations of tin transport and cassiterite precipitation from hydrothermal fluids indicate that incomplete buffering of ore-forming hydrothermal fluids by granitic wallrock is a common characteristic of many magmatic-hydrothermal tin deposits. This highlights the importance of structural pathways for hydrothermal tin mineralization. (2) Regardless of the tectonic setting—be it an extensional rift, a compressional Andean-type continental margin, an extensional Western Pacific continental margin back-arc, or an extensional post-collisional tectonic settings—hydrothermal tin mineralization aligns with the magmatic-hydrothermal tin deposit model, which posits that highly fractionated felsic rocks dominate tin mineralization. Extensional/transtensional tectonic settings are favorable for the formation of hydrothermal tin deposits. Additionally, recent studies have reported pre-concentration of tin due to metamorphism during syn-accretionary orogenesis, detailing the release of tin during prograde metamorphism and the formation of cassiterite during retrograde metamorphism through biotite chloritization. These findings lay the groundwork for the development of theories about collision-related tin metallogenesis. (3) Magmatic-hydrothermal tin deposits are primarily skarn-type and quartz vein-type, often occurring together. Within and around tin-bearing intrusion, tin-bearing magmatic cooling contraction fractures, water-rock separation fractures, magmatic emplacement compression fractures, and regional tectonic stress superposition fractures commonly develop. Away from the tin-bearing intrusions, mineralization is strongly controlled by rheological differences in rocks or faults (cross-cutting and bedding-parallel faults), forming diverse structure-mineralization networks. Based on the absence or presence of breccias in the structure-mineralization network, ore-bearing vein structures can be classified into two categories. The first category includes structures without breccias, which, in the order of increasing complexity, are: simple veins, composite simple-vein systems, “lit-par-lit” vein systems, symmetrical complex vein systems, and asymmetrical complex vein systems. The morphologies and extensions of single veins are closely related to the mechanical properties of the host structures. The second category includes structures with breccias, which, in order of increasing complexity, are: anastomosing veins in shear zone systems, brecciated vein systems, vein and hanging-wall stockwork systems, and multiple brecciation vein systems. Significance The determination of tectonic sequences and deformation partitioning plays a crucial role in studying the structural control of hydrothermal tin deposits. Enhancing detailed mapping of structures in typical deposits/districts, combined with numerical simulations and rheological experiments on rocks, represents the future direction for research on structural controls of hydrothermal tin deposits.
- hydrothermal tin deposit,
- collisional orogenic tin deposits,
- tectonic setting,
- extensional/transtensional tectonic regime,
- structural style

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References(227)

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