Analysis of the three-dimensional in situ stress state and underground cavern stability of a pumped storage hydropower station in Xinjiang, China

ZHANG Xiaofei; WANG Jiming; ZHANG Peng; LI Zhengzheng; Li Changhu; OUYANG Jiangquan

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025076

Volume 32 Issue 2

Apr. 2026

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ZHANG X F，WANG J M，ZHANG P，et al.，2026. Analysis of the three-dimensional in situ stress state and underground cavern stability of a pumped storage hydropower station in Xinjiang, China[J]. Journal of Geomechanics，32（2）：1−16 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025076

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Analysis of the three-dimensional in situ stress state and underground cavern stability of a pumped storage hydropower station in Xinjiang, China

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025076

ZHANG Xiaofei^{1, 2
,},
WANG Jiming^3
,,
ZHANG Peng^{1
,
,},
LI Zhengzheng^4
,,
Li Changhu^4
,,
OUYANG Jiangquan^{1, 2
,}

1.
Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
2.
College of Geosciences and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
3.
China United Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang, China
4.
Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi’an 710065, Shaanxi, China

Funds: This research was financially supported be the Key Program of the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U2244226) and the Geological Survey Project of the China Geological Survey(Grant No. DD20230538).

More Information

Received: 2025-06-23
Revised: 2025-08-29
Accepted: 2025-09-04

Available Online: 2025-09-09

Published: 2026-04-28

Abstract

Abstract

Objective This study investigates the in situ stress field and stability of the surrounding rock in the underground caverns of a large-scale, deeply buried pumped storage power station located on the southern margin of the Tianshan Orogenic Belt in Xinjiang. It aims to ensure the geological safety of the underground powerhouse and water diversion tunnels. Methods First, two sets of three-dimensional hydraulic fracturing stress measurements were carried out in the underground powerhouse to obtain fundamental data on the in situ stress field. Subsequently, a 3D geological model of the project area was established, and the 3D in situ stress field was inverted using finite element numerical simulation. Finally, the stability of the underground caverns was evaluated based on the distribution of the 3D stress field from two aspects: the rationality of the cavern axis layout and the risk of rockburst in the surrounding rock of the underground powerhouse and water diversion tunnels. Results (1) The 3D in situ stress measurements in the underground powerhouse revealed the following: The maximum principal stress (σ₁) ranges from 16.19 to 16.23 MPa, with an azimuth of N43.98°E–N54.44°E and a dip angle of −4.81° to 6.93°; the intermediate principal stress (σ₂) ranges from 9.82 to 12.23 MPa, with an approximate SE orientation and a dip angle of −18.89° to −14.52°; and the minimum principal stress (σ₃) ranges from 6.90 to 10.41 MPa, with a near-vertical dip. (2) The 3D stress field inversion shows that the maximum principal stress (σ₁) in the underground powerhouse ranges from 16.54 to 17.21 MPa, with an azimuth of N47.88°E–N56.32°E; Along the axis of the water diversion tunnel, σ₁ ranges from 14.86 to 24.32 MPa. Conclusion The angles between the axes of the underground powerhouse and water diversion tunnels and the measured maximum horizontal principal stress (S_H) deviate by ≤10° from the optimal angle (62.84°) for an S_HV-type stress field, which is favorable for cavern stability. Based on multiple criteria, including the rock strength–stress ratio method and Tao Zhenyu’s criterion, the surrounding rock of the underground powerhouse and water diversion tunnels is generally classified as having a slight rockburst risk. [ Significance ] The findings provide a scientific basis for the design and construction of the underground powerhouse and water diversion tunnels of this pumped storage power station. They also fill a gap in 3D in situ stress measurement data for the southern margin of the Tianshan Orogenic Belt in Xinjiang.
- southern margin of the Tianshan Orogenic Belt,
- pumped storage hydropower station,
- hydraulic fracturing method,
- in situ stress field inversion,
- rockburst

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