Volume 32 Issue 2
Apr.  2026
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GUO L，CHU Y，LEI Y Y，et al.，2026. Tectonic evolution of the Sumatran Fault: synthesis and perspective[J]. Journal of Geomechanics，32（2）：1−22 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025067
Citation: GUO L，CHU Y，LEI Y Y，et al.，2026. Tectonic evolution of the Sumatran Fault: synthesis and perspective[J]. Journal of Geomechanics，32（2）：1−22 doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025067
shu

Tectonic evolution of the Sumatran Fault: synthesis and perspective

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2025067
  • 1.

    Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China

  • 2.

    College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

  • 3.

    State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Beijing 100029, China

Funds:  This research was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2023YFF0803201) and the National Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 92355302 and U2344213).
More Information
  • Received: 2025-06-12
  • Revised: 2025-09-11
  • Accepted: 2025-09-11
    • Available Online: 2025-09-21
  • Published: 2026-04-28
    Abstract
  •   Objective  Oblique convergence between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate produced a ~1,900-km-long dextral strike-slip fault—the Sumatran Fault—within the overriding plate. While previous studies have extensively examined its geometry, kinematics, and seismicity, the tectonic evolution of the fault remains poorly constrained.   Methods  This study integrates multidisciplinary evidence from structural geology, geomorphology, seismicity analysis, geodesy (GPS), low-temperature thermochronology (apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He dating), and volcanic distribution mapping. We systematically synthesize data on fault segmentation, slip rates, cumulative displacement, magmatic-tectonic relationships, and regional geodynamic models to evaluate the fault’s spatiotemporal evolution.  Results  The Sumatran Fault is a highly segmented dextral strike-slip system that can currently be divided into 19 segments based on geometric complexity and seismic activity. Slip rates along the fault are relatively uniform from south to north, with an average around 15 mm/yr, and a total cumulative displacement of approximately 20–25 km. Regionally, the distribution of active arc magmatism closely aligns with the trace of the fault, indicating a dynamic interaction between faulting and magmatism: while magma-induced crustal weakening facilitates fault development, extensional zones associated with normal faulting in turn influence the volcanic activity. Despite its tectonic significance, low-temperature thermochronological studies on the Sumatran Fault remain limited. Existing thermochronological data reveal a period of rapid uplift at ~2 Ma, likely driven by dip-slip motion along the fault.   Conclusion  A three-stage model is proposed. Before 2 Ma, oblique convergence was primarily accommodated by forearc faults (e.g., Mentawai Fault) and shear zones. Around 2 Ma, the Sumatran Fault initiated contemporaneously with the Mentawai Fault, manifesting strain localization in the overriding plate. At present, the Sumatran Fault accommodates the majority of the strain, while strike-slip motion on the Mentawai Fault has significantly diminished. The uplift phase correlates with the initial timing of the Sumatran Fault inferred from present-day slip rates and cumulative offsets, suggesting that the current through-going structure of the fault and the modern tectonic framework were established at the same time. [ Significance ] This study provides a comprehensive synthesis of multidisciplinary constraints on the Sumatran Fault and establishes a unified spatiotemporal framework for its tectonic evolution. By integrating fault segmentation, slip rates, thermochronological data, and magmatic–tectonic interactions, this study clarifies the timing of fault initiation and the development of the present-day tectonic architecture. The results offer new insights into strain partitioning and the formation of trench-parallel strike-slip faults at obliquely convergent margins, providing a valuable reference for understanding similar plate boundary systems and their associated seismic hazards.

     

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