River capture and divide migration of the Zhuozishan area in the northwestern margin of the Ordos Block
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摘要: 分水岭是水系演化中的动态因素，通过连续或不连续的水系袭夺而发生迁移，从而导致水系重组。传统的对水系演化的研究主要集中单个河流袭夺事件，而新提出的利用分水岭两侧chi（χ）值差异来描述分水岭的动态迁移过程，能够解释大尺度的河流袭夺事件，描述水系的整体演化过程。文章基于12.5 m DEM数据提取了鄂尔多斯西北缘桌子山地区的chi（χ）值揭示其空间分布具有东高西低的特点，反映桌子山的分水岭处于向东迁移过程。综合分析进一步揭示，在桌子山东西两侧的构造升降和降水条件都无明显差异的条件下，岩性抗侵蚀能力差异是控制桌子山分水岭向东迁移的主要因素，当抗侵蚀能力更强的寒武系、奥陶系灰岩位于背斜西翼，而中元古宙长城系（Pt）沉积碎屑岩位于其下部时，背斜西翼的河流具有更强的侵蚀能力，西翼河流可能会穿过背斜核部，从而侧向袭夺东侧的河流。Abstract: Divide is a dynamic feature of a landscape that routinely migrates, either through progressive or discrete river capture, in some cases even leading to the complete reorganization of river networks. Most of the existing geomorphological or drainage evolution studies focus on the single river capture, and few report on the overall movement and the geomorphologic adjustment of divide.Recently, it was proposed in a digital study of fluvial geomorphology that the chi (χ) value difference on both sides of the drainage divide could be used to explain the large-scale river capture and demonstrate the reorganization of drainage when describing the dynamic migration process of divide. In this paper, the chi (χ) values were calculated using the 12.5 m DEM data. The chi (χ) values were higher in the east and lower in the west, indicating an eastward migration. The lithological erosion resistance is the main factor controlling the eastward migration of the divides in Zhuozishan under the condition that there are no obvious differences in the tectonic uplift and precipitation conditions on the east and west sides. When the Cambrian and Ordovician limestones with stronger erosion resistance lie in the west wing of the Zhuozishan anticline, the other weak sedimentary clastic rocks located in its lower part, the river in the west wing would be through the core of the anticline, laterally capturing the rivers on the east of the anticline.
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Key words:
- river capture /
- divide migration /
- Ordos /
- Zhuozishan
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图 1 研究区构造位置图
a—研究区位置图，位于鄂尔多斯块体的西北部；b—研究区与青藏高原块体的位置
Figure 1. Tectonic position of the study area
(a) Location of the study area, which is in the northwestern margin of the Ordos Block. (b) Micro map showing the position of the study area and the Tibet Plateau Block
图 2 桌子山地质图与岩石的抗侵蚀强度分布图
a—桌子山地质图(据新召幅1∶20万区域地质图，1981修改)；b—岩石的抗侵蚀强度分布图(LE为岩性的抗侵蚀指数)
Figure 2. Maps showing the geology and intensity of erosion resistance in the Zhuozishan area
(a) Geological map of the Zhuozishan area(Distribution of lithology and faults were modified from the 1∶200, 000 geological map of Xinzhao, 1981). (b) Intensity of erosion resistance in the Zhuozishan area(LE is the lithological erosion resistance index)
图 3 河道高程和chi(χ)值的线性关系(据Whipple et al., 2017修改)
Figure 3. Linear relationship between the channel height and chi(χ) value (modified after Whipple et al., 2017)
图 4 均衡和非均衡状态的流域盆地及河道chi(χ)值剖面(据Willett et al., 2014修改)
Figure 4. Drainage basins and river profiles in equilibrium and disequilibrium. The parameterχ provides a prediction of the steady-state elevation for a given point on a channel. The basin on the right (aggressor) has lower steady-state elevation at channel heads and therefore drives the drainage divide toward the basin on the left (victim). (modified after Willett et al., 2014)
图 5 桌子山chi(χ)值分布与分水岭迁移方向
a—桌子山chi(χ)值空间分布；b—W04与E01河流袭夺的肘状拐弯和两条河流的纵剖面；c—北段南北向分水岭向东迁移的立体图(底图为Google Earth影像图)
Figure 5. Maps showing the distribution feature of the chi(χ) value and divide migration in the Zhuozishan area
(a) Chi(χ) value in the Zhuozishan area. (b) River captures evidenced by the elbows of capture and the river profile of W04, E01 in the Zhuozishan area. (c) Stereo map of the eastward migration of the main divide in the north of the Zhuozishan area (The basemap is a Google Earth image)
图 6 桌子山地区域河道陡峭指数分布图
a—桌子山河道陡峭指数分布图；b—河道陡峭指数归一后插值图
Figure 6. Diagrams showing the distribution of channel steepness index in the Zhuozishan area
(a) Distribution of the channel steepness index in the Zhuozishan area. (b) Interpolation map of the channel steepness index after normalization
表 1 岩石抗侵蚀强度分类表
Table 1. Classification of the erosion resistance values of different rocks based on the lithological strength
地层符号 岩性 岩性强度分类 地层时代 是否火成岩 LA LL LE Q4 冲积、湖积、风积砂土、粘土、砂砾 松散沉积物 第四系全新统 否 6.0 12 1.71 Q3 湖积洪积砂砾层 松散沉积物 第四系上更新统 否 6.0 11 1.62 Q2 冲洪积半固结砂层、砂土层 半固结沉积物 第四系下更新统 否 6.0 11 1.62 N 桔黄色泥质砂砾岩、细砂岩 弱的沉积岩 新近系 否 5.8 10 1.50 E 砖红色泥岩、细砂岩、砂质泥岩 弱的沉积岩 古近系 否 5.2 10 1.45 K 杂色砂岩、砂砾岩 弱的沉积岩 白垩系 否 4.2 10 1.35 J 黄绿色砂岩与泥岩互层，黑色页岩与钙质砂岩互层 弱的沉积岩 侏罗系 否 3.3 10 1.27 T 灰紫色砂岩与紫色泥岩互层、细粒长石石英砂岩 弱的沉积岩 三叠系 否 2.7 10 1.21 P 紫红色细粒砂岩、灰白色砂岩 强的沉积岩 二叠系 否 2.5 4 0.62 C 灰黑—黑色页岩、灰黑色粉砂质页岩 弱的沉积岩 石炭系 否 1.8 10 1.12 O 青灰色厚层灰岩、灰色白云质灰岩 强的沉积岩 奥陶系 否 1.2 4 0.50 
灰岩、鲕状灰岩、竹叶状灰岩 强的沉积岩 寒武系 否 1.0 4 0.48 Pt 中粒石英砂岩、紫红色页岩、白云质灰岩夹石英砂岩 强的沉积岩 长城系 否 1.0 6 0.67 Ar 黑云母斜长片麻岩 变质岩 前长城系 是 0.0 2 0.29 γ2 元古代花岗岩 花岗岩 元古代 是 0.0 2 0.29 
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