Geochemical characteristics of gold-bearing minerals and its geological significance in the Ashawayi gold deposit in the southwestern Tianshan Orogen
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摘要: 阿沙哇义金矿床是中国新疆西南天山目前探明的第二大金矿，是中亚造山带南缘"亚洲金腰带"的重要组成部位。野外构造调查表明，研究区在古生代期间经历了由挤压变形发展为走滑伸展两次构造作用，成矿发生在挤压变形到走滑伸展转换时期。运用矿相学、电子探针、扫描电镜及S同位素等方法确定矿床载金矿物、金的赋存状态、成矿物质来源等，结果表明：阿沙哇义金矿载金矿物主要为含砷黄铁矿、部分毒砂。含砷黄铁矿分为沉积成岩期（Py1）、成矿早期（Py2）、成矿期（Py3）；Py2、Py3富As、Te，亏S、Fe，S、As呈明显负相关；Co/Ni比值显示黄铁矿属沉积-热液成因。Au以纳米级"可见"自然金（Au0）形式存在于含砷黄铁矿中。黄铁矿、辉锑矿δ34S为9.5‰~16.3‰，显示成矿流体中硫为海相硫酸盐热化学还原产物，成矿物质来自赋矿地层。矿床属典型的中浅成造山型金矿，矿床埋藏较浅，矿区深部具有很好的找矿潜力。Abstract: Ashawayi gold deposit, the second largest gold deposit in the southwestern Tianshan Orogen, NW China, is located at the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt of the "Asian Golden Belt". Detailed field observations showed that the regional area experienced two tectonic processes from early compression to lately strike-slip extension during the Paleozoic, and the mineralization was related to the transition from compression to extension. By the methods of mineragraphy, EMPA, SEM and S isotope analysis, the gold-bearing minerals in the ore deposit, the occurrence state of gold, the source of ore-forming materials, were determined in this paper, suggesting that gold-bearing minerals should be mainly composed of arsenian pyrite and some arsenopyrite. The formation of arsenic pyrite can be divided into three stages, i.e. sedimentary diagenesis stage (Py1), early ore-forming stage (Py2), and main ore-forming stage (Py3). The Py2 and Py3 are rich of As-Te, and deficit of S-Fe, while the content of S and As is significantly negatively correlated. The ratio value of Co/Ni indicates that the pyrite should be the origin of deposit-hydrothermal. The gold is mostly hosted in arsenic pyrite as the form of nano-scale "visible" natural gold (Au0). The δ34S value of pyrite and stibnite changes from 9.5‰ to 16.3‰, suggesting that the sulfur in ore-forming fluid should be a thermochemical reduction product of marine sulfate and ore-forming material probably resourced from the stratum. Therefore, the Ashawayi gold deposit should be a typical medium-shallow orogenic-type gold deposit, and the buried depth of ore-bodies is relatively shallow, suggesting a favorable prospecting potential in the deep.
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图 1 天山造山带构造简图和西南天山区域地质及矿产分布示意图
1—第四系；2—新近系—古近系；3—中生界；4—二叠系；5—石炭—泥盆系；6—下古生界；7—前寒武系；8—花岗岩
a—天山造山带构造简图(据Zhang et al., 2017修改)；b—西南天山区域地质及矿产分布示意图Figure 1. Tectonic map of deposits in the Tianshan orogenic belt and geology and distribution of deposits in the southwestern Tianshan orogenic belt
图 2 阿沙哇义金矿区地质简图和典型剖面图
1—第四系冲积物；2—下更新统西域组；3—中新统乌恰组；4—下二叠统比尤列提群；5—上石炭统康克林组；6—上石炭统喀拉治尔加组上亚组；7—上石炭统喀拉治尔加组下亚组；8—中石炭统比京他乌组；9—中石炭统艾克提克组；10—中泥盆统沙拉依姆群；11—下志留统柯坪塔格组
a—阿沙哇义金矿区地质简图；b—AB典型剖面图Figure 2. Regional geological map of the Ashawayi gold deposit and the typical section
图 3 阿沙哇义金矿床地质图
1—第四系冲积物；2—第四系残坡积物；3—第四系洪冲积物；4—上石炭统喀拉治尔加组上段；5—上石炭统喀拉治尔加组下段；6—断裂构造；7—矿体(深部矿体投影)
Figure 3. Geological map of the Ashawayi gold deposit
图 4 阿沙哇义金矿145勘探线剖面图
Figure 4. Profile of the prospecting line 145 in the Ashawayi gold deposit
图 5 阿沙哇义金矿床矿体野外地质特征
a—M型褶皱；b—紧闭A型褶皱；c—探槽29中次级逆冲断裂；d, e—硅化破碎带；f—网脉状石英脉
Figure 5. Field geological characteristics of the orebodies in the Ashawayi gold deposit
图 6 岩石变形特征及显微组构
Q—石英；Cal—方解石
a—韧透镜状石英，定向拉长；b—围岩发生柔皱；c—氧化型矿石中黄铁矿呈透镜状；d—早期石英脉被晚期石英脉切穿；e—石英波状消光、定向拉长，呈拔丝状；f—晚期方解石脉切穿早期石英脉Figure 6. Rock deformation characteristics and microstructures
图 7 阿沙哇义金矿床原生型矿石特征
a—与石英共生的黄铁矿细脉；b—沿千枚岩片理发育的脉状黄铁矿；c—透镜状、柔皱黄铁矿细脉；d—星点状(集合体)黄铁矿
Figure 7. Characteristics of native ores in the Ashawayi gold deposit
图 8 阿沙哇义金矿床金属矿物显微学特征
Py—黄铁矿；Apy—毒砂；Ccp—黄铜矿；Lm—褐铁矿；Sb—辉锑矿
Figure 8. Microscopic characteristics of metalliferous minerals in the Ashawayi gold deposit
图 9 阿沙哇义金矿床金属硫化物扫描电镜背散射照片
Py—黄铁矿；Apy—毒砂；Ccp—黄铜矿；Td—黝铜矿；Gn—方铅矿；Sb—辉锑矿；Lm—褐铁矿
Figure 9. SEM-BSE photos of the metal sulfides in the Ashawayi gold deposit
图 10 阿沙哇义金矿床黄铁矿特征元素图解
a—δFe-δS；b—As-S；c—Fe-Te；d—Fe-(Co+Pb)
Figure 10. Graphs of δFe-δS, As-S, Fe-Te and Fe-(Co+Pb) of the pyrites in the Ashawayi gold deposit
图 11 阿沙哇义金矿床黄铁矿特征元素图解关系
a—Co-Ni图解(Ⅰ—沉积成因；Ⅱ—热液成因；Ⅲ—火山成因)；b—含砷黄铁矿Au-As图解(据Reich et al., 2005)
Figure 11. Co-Ni of the pyrites and correlation of Au-As contents in the arsenian pyrites in the Ashawayi gold deposit
图 12 阿沙哇义金矿床S同位素组成(张宏飞和高山，2012)
Figure 12. S isotope composition in the Ashawayi gold deposit (Zhang and Gao, 2012)
图 13 造山型金矿矿床尺度地壳连续成矿模式
a—洋壳俯冲体制的造山型成矿系统元素垂向分带模式(据Groves et al., 1998修改)；b—大陆碰撞体制的造山型成矿系统元素垂向分带模式(据陈衍景，2006修改)
Figure 13. Scale crust continuous metallogenic model for the orogenic-type gold deposit
表 1 阿沙哇义金矿床金属硫化物电子探针测试结果(wt%)
Table 1. EPMA test results of the metal sulphide in the Ashawayi gold deposit(wt%)
样品编号 测点 测试矿物 As Se Zn S Ge Fe Pb Ni Ag Co Sb Au Te Cu Bi 总量 期次 ZK16901-1 1 黄铁矿 0.19 / 0.12 52.03 / 46.04 / / / 0.39 0.03 0.22 0.11 0.10 / 99.23 Py1 BZK16901-2 1 黄铁矿 0.19 / / 52.70 / 46.22 / 0.16 / 0.00 / / 0.06 / / 99.33 Py1 ZK1602-3D 2 黄铁矿 0.00 / / 53.39 / 46.51 / / / 0.10 0.09 / 0.00 0.12 / 100.21 Py1 3 黄铁矿 0.02 0.03 0.12 53.00 / 46.21 / / / 0.13 0.10 / 0.05 / / 99.66 Py1 ZK1602-10 1 黄铁矿 0.28 0.04 / 53.33 / 46.15 0.10 / / 0.05 / / 0.00 / / 99.95 Py1 K16138-5 1 黄铁矿 0.34 0.03 / 52.94 / 43.97 / 2.06 / 0.81 / / 0.09 / / 100.24 Py1 K16143-1 1 黄铁矿 0.00 / / 52.76 / 45.75 0.11 0.30 / 0.15 / 0.23 0.08 / / 99.38 Py1 ZK1602-3D 4 黄铁矿 2.19 / / 51.21 0.06 45.06 0.16 / / 0.17 / / 0.11 / 0.14 99.10 Py2 ZK1602-3F 1 黄铁矿 1.54 / / 51.80 / 45.96 0.18 / / 0.14 / / 0.00 / / 99.62 Py2 ZK1602-3F 2 黄铁矿 1.97 0.04 / 51.19 / 45.71 0.18 / / 0.11 / / 0.00 / / 99.20 Py2 ZK1602-3F 5 黄铁矿 4.86 0.04 / 48.66 / 45.87 0.10 0.09 / 0.07 / / 0.00 / / 99.69 Py2 ZK1602-8 1 黄铁矿 2.47 / / 51.54 / 45.31 0.00 / 0.04 0.08 / 0.35 0.06 / / 99.85 Py2 ZK1602-9 2 黄铁矿 4.27 / / 49.64 / 45.24 0.26 / / 0.00 / / 0.16 / / 99.57 Py2 K16137-3 1 黄铁矿 3.03 / / 50.74 / 44.83 0.00 / / 0.06 / / 0.07 0.12 / 98.85 Py2 ZK1602-10 4 黄铁矿 0.92 / 0.11 52.26 / 45.93 0.00 / / 0.15 / / 0.07 / / 99.44 Py2 K16139-1 1 黄铁矿 2.15 / / 51.45 0.02 45.44 0.09 0.15 0.03 0.23 / / 0.00 / / 99.56 Py2 K16144-1A 2 黄铁矿 1.02 0.04 0.11 52.22 / 45.36 0.14 0.07 / 0.09 0.15 / 0.07 / / 99.27 Py2 ZK1602-3B 1 黄铁矿 2.61 0.06 0.11 50.82 / 44.96 / 0.09 / 0.11 / / 0.05 0.09 0.12 99.02 Py3 ZK1602-3D 1 黄铁矿 4.57 0.12 / 49.66 / 44.86 0.10 / / 0.08 0.04 / 0.09 / / 99.52 Py3 ZK1602-10 3 黄铁矿 5.50 / 0.11 49.25 / 44.32 0.09 0.32 / 0.09 / / 0.08 / 0.22 99.98 Py3 ZK1602-3B 2 毒砂 38.76 0.04 / 22.60 / 37.42 / / 0.05 0.14 / 0.81 / / 0.13 99.95 / ZK1602-3F 3 毒砂 40.41 0.08 / 21.47 / 36.20 / 0.46 / 0.20 / / / / / 98.82 / 6 毒砂 41.77 / / 21.18 / 35.47 / 0.22 / 0.07 / / / / 0.14 98.85 / ZK1602-8 2 毒砂 41.69 0.06 0.16 21.23 / 35.63 / / / 0.13 / / / / / 98.90 / 3 毒砂 39.48 0.03 0.13 22.85 / 37.30 0.09 / 0.04 0.11 / / 0.05 / / 100.08 / ZK1602-9 1 毒砂 40.89 / / 21.76 / 37.12 / / / 0.14 / / 0.10 / / 100.01 / ZK1602-10 2 毒砂 43.47 / / 20.61 0.04 35.95 / / / 0.09 / / / / / 100.16 / ZK1602-3B 3 褐铁矿 0.60 0.10 / 20.84 0.03 0.78 10.04 0.14 / / 19.86 / / 14.06 0.16 66.61 / ZK1602-3F 4 黝铜矿 1.80 / 4.45 25.51 / 5.43 / / 0.20 / 24.61 / / 37.67 / 99.67 / ZK1601-14 1 黄铜矿 / 0.04 / 34.34 / 30.75 / 0.06 / 0.10 / / 0.06 34.05 0.08 99.48 / ZK16901-5 1 黄铜矿 / 0.08 / 34.74 0.02 30.05 / / / 0.07 / / 0.05 34.01 / 99.02 / K16144-1A 1 辉锑矿 0.14 0.03 / 28.55 0.03 / / / / 0.13 71.22 / / / / 100.10 / K16144-1B 1 辉锑矿 0.18 0.04 0.10 28.00 / / 0.11 / / 0.14 70.16 / / / 0.11 98.84 / 
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表 2 阿沙哇义金矿金属硫化物硫同位素测试结果
Table 2. S isotope test results of the metal sulfides in the Ashawayi gold deposit
序号 样号 测试矿物 δ34SV-CDT/‰ 1 K16143-1 黄铁矿 9.4 2 K16144-1A 辉锑矿 16.3 3 K16144-1B 辉锑矿 15.4
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