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斑岩型矿床容矿裂隙的成矿流体压裂改造及其脉体特点

赵茂春 吴保乾 余海军 何云 唐琼 羊劲松 李佳成 张思山 王光龙

赵茂春, 吴保乾, 余海军, 等, 2020. 斑岩型矿床容矿裂隙的成矿流体压裂改造及其脉体特点. 地质力学学报, 26 (3): 299-315. DOI: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2020.26.03.028
引用本文: 赵茂春, 吴保乾, 余海军, 等, 2020. 斑岩型矿床容矿裂隙的成矿流体压裂改造及其脉体特点. 地质力学学报, 26 (3): 299-315. DOI: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2020.26.03.028
ZHAO Maochun, WU Baoqian, YU Haijun, et al., 2020. Ore-forming fluid fracturing treatment of ore-bearing fractures and the characteristics of the related veins in porphyry deposits. Journal of Geomechanics, 26 (3): 299-315. DOI: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2020.26.03.028
Citation: ZHAO Maochun, WU Baoqian, YU Haijun, et al., 2020. Ore-forming fluid fracturing treatment of ore-bearing fractures and the characteristics of the related veins in porphyry deposits. Journal of Geomechanics, 26 (3): 299-315. DOI: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2020.26.03.028

斑岩型矿床容矿裂隙的成矿流体压裂改造及其脉体特点

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2020.26.03.028
基金项目: 

中国地质调查局地质调查项目 12120113094600

云南省基础研究重点项目 2019FA018

云南省石缸河-铁厂锡矿矿集区矿产地质 DD201966-04

云南省石缸河-铁厂锡矿矿集区矿产地质 WKZB2011BJM3001691003

详细信息
    作者简介:

    赵茂春(1967-), 男, 硕士, 正高级工程师, 长期从事矿产勘查与找矿新思路研究。E-mail:zhaomc1854@163.com

    通讯作者:

    余海军(1985-), 男, 博士, 高级工程师, 矿产普查与勘探专业, 长期从事找矿勘查和矿床学研究。E-mail:yhj307@163.com

  • 中图分类号: P552;P613

Ore-forming fluid fracturing treatment of ore-bearing fractures and the characteristics of the related veins in porphyry deposits

  • 摘要: 斑岩型矿石中脉体穿切关系普遍而复杂。斑岩型矿床容矿初始裂隙之间具有程度不同的连通关系,成矿作用过程是成矿组分在既有的裂隙中迁移、充填和沉淀的过程。在多期成矿过程中,如果没有构造应力的改造,似乎不应该出现大量脉体的多期穿切关系。然而不仅是斑岩型矿床,其他与热液活动有关的矿床中均可出现大量脉体的相互穿切现象。针对此种现象,运用水力压裂机理,探讨了成矿流体对初始裂隙的压裂改造作用,认为成矿阶段多期流体活动可以形成与流体活动期次和强度相匹配的无数期新生压裂裂隙,同时可极大地扩展容矿空间的规模和范围。成矿流体压裂改造裂隙也是斑岩型矿床容矿裂隙的重要成因类型。由于流体活动的多期性和压裂裂隙生长的快速性,相比构造活动对脉体的改造,流体压裂成因裂隙所导致的脉体穿切关系更为常见。这些观点较好地解释了斑岩型矿床中频繁而复杂的脉体穿切和错断关系。

     

  • 图  1  压裂过程中井底压力变化曲线(高荫桐,1989曲占庆和王卫阳,2009)

    Figure  1.  Curves of the bottom hole pressure during fracturing (Gao, 1989; Qu and Wang, 2009)

    图  2  三向应力状态和裂缝形态示意图(曲占庆和王卫阳,2009)

    σz-垂直方向的主压应力;σx-x轴方向的水平主压应力;σy-y轴方向的水平主压应力

    Figure  2.  Schematic diagram of the three-dimensional stress state and the crack shape (Qu and Wang, 2009)

    图  3  西藏驱龙斑岩铜矿区无成矿流体压裂改造的脉体特征照片(据杨志明等,2008)

    Figure  3.  Photo showing veins formed without fluid fracturing in the Qulong porphyry Cu deposit in Tibet, China. (Yang et al., 2008)

    图  4  流体压裂作用对相互连通的初始裂隙的改造过程示意图

    Figure  4.  Schematic diagram showing the fluid fracturing effect on the initial interconnected fractures

    图  5  流体压裂作用对孤立的初始裂隙群的改造过程示意图

    Figure  5.  Schematic diagram showing the fluid fracturing effect on the isolated initial fractures

    图  6  T型和H型流体压裂裂隙形成过程示意图

    Figure  6.  Schematic diagram showing the forming process of fractures under T-type and H-type fluid fracturing

    图  7  早期充填程度不同的裂隙压裂改造程度差异示意图

    ①-早期饱和充填的裂隙一般不再发生扩张,其中的脉体可被后期裂隙所穿切;②-早期半饱和充填裂隙也可发生一定程度的扩张;③-早期未充填的裂隙扩张规模最大

    Figure  7.  Schematic diagram showing the divergence of degree of fracturing with different filling degree at the early stage

    图  8  流体压裂改造裂隙中的脉体交叉、穿切关系示意图(不同花纹示意不同期脉体)

    Figure  8.  Schematic diagram showing cross-cutting of veins in the fractures formed by fluid fracturing (Different patterns indicate veins in different periods)

    图  9  单脉多期和网脉单期充填特征素描和照片

    Q-石英; Mt-磁铁矿; Gp-石膏; Cp-黄铜矿; Py-黄铁矿a-山东乳山石英脉型金矿脉有绢云母带、Ⅰ期石英、Ⅱ期石英、黄铁矿+菱铁矿和金属硫化物等5期脉体充填(高太忠等,1999;①-⑤表示脉体形成的先后顺序);b-西藏多不杂铜矿区石英、金属硫化物、石膏等3期脉充填(张志等,2014;ZK0008-153.8 m);c-西藏多不杂铜矿区石英、金属硫化物、石膏等2期脉充填(张志等,2014;ZK0004-215 m);d-西藏波龙铜矿区钾长石、黑云母脉2期脉充填(杨毅等,2015;17101-369.2 m);e-滇西北格咱某斑岩铜矿区网状压裂裂隙被同期石英+硫化物充填;f-西藏多不杂铜矿区网状压裂裂隙被同期石膏充填(张志等,2014;Z0012-132 m)

    Figure  9.  Sketches and photos showing filling characteristics of the multi-stage single vein and the single-stage net vein

    图  10  多期脉体穿切关系照片

    Q-石英; Mt-磁铁矿; Gp-石膏; Cp-黄铜矿; Py-黄铁矿; Kfs-钾长石; Bi-黑云母; ①-⑤表示脉体形成的先后顺序脉体无明显错断情形:a-西藏波龙铜矿区3期B型脉被D型脉穿切(杨毅等,2015;17103-621.5 m);b-西藏多不杂铜矿区2期A型脉被B型脉穿切(张志等,2014;ZK0704-414.1 m)脉体有较明显断距情形:c-e-西藏多不杂铜矿区矿芯中可见4~5期脉体穿切(张志等,2014);f-滇西北格咱某斑岩铜矿区大量脉体高频度相互穿切

    Figure  10.  Photos showing cross-cutting of the multi-stage veins

    表  1  斑岩型矿床不同成因初始裂隙的主要特征对比表(据赵茂春等,2020修改)

    Table  1.   Characteristics of initial fractures of different genesis in the porphyry deposits(modified after Zhao et al., 2020)

    特征 内因裂隙 外因裂隙
    冷缩裂隙 水岩分离裂隙 挤压裂隙 区域应力叠加裂隙
    裂隙位置 斑岩体内 斑岩体及顶部围岩中 围岩中 主要产于斑岩体内
    裂隙率 岩体顶部和边缘裂隙率高(均在岩体内部) 岩体中轴部裂隙率高(可跨入顶部围岩中) 接触带附近围岩中裂隙率高 局部裂隙率增高
    脉体分布 分布均匀 分布不均匀 分布不均匀 特定方向脉体具优势
    脉体长宽 长数十厘米以内,宽度在数毫米以内 长数米以上为主,宽数毫米-数厘米以上 长数米以上为主,宽度数毫米-数厘米 特定方向的脉体变长、变宽,数量增多。
    脉体产状 不具定向性 以陡倾为主 以陡倾为主,缓倾次之 与区域主构造面平行
    脉体密度 岩体顶部密度较高 岩体中轴部密度较高 接触带附近密度变高 局部密度变高
    矿体位置 斑岩体内(顶部) 斑岩中轴部及顶部围岩 围岩内 主要产于斑岩体内
    矿体形态 钟状为主 柱状、纺锤状、倒锥状、不规则状等 钟状为主 似层状、脉状
    矿石构造 细脉浸染状 细脉浸染状、脉状、角砾状 细脉浸染状、脉状、角砾状 细脉浸染状、脉状
    典型矿床 云南普朗铜矿、安徽沙坪沟钼矿、西藏驱龙铜矿、吉林大黑山钼矿、陕西金堆城钼矿、西藏玉龙铜矿、美国Climax钼矿、智利El Teniente矿区Braden角砾岩、澳大利亚Cadia Ridgeway铜金矿 秘鲁Don Javier铜钼矿、西藏驱龙铜矿、塞尔维亚波尔铜矿 伊朗Sar Cheshmeh斑岩铜矿、智利El Teniente铜钼矿、印尼Grasberg铜金矿、澳大利亚Cadia Ridgeway铜金矿、秘鲁库阿霍涅铜矿、江西德兴铜厂及富家坞铜矿、吉林大黑山钼矿、陕西金堆城斑岩钼矿 云南普朗铜矿、雪鸡坪铜矿、烂泥塘铜矿等,吉林大黑山钼矿、陕西金堆城斑岩钼矿
    矿床数量 常见 相对少见 常见 相对少见
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  • 收稿日期:  2020-04-10
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