Development process of fault structure and formation and evolution of ore-controlling structure: A case study of the Zoujiashan uranium deposit
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摘要: 热液脉状矿床主要受断裂控制，控制矿脉就位的含矿(赋矿)构造绝大多数是规模比较小的次级断裂或裂隙，而主干断裂普遍被认为是导矿构造或配(运)矿构造，但往往不含矿，甚至没有一点与矿化有关的蚀变痕迹、或成矿流体经过的痕迹。从岩石力学破裂准则看，是最先形成有微孔隙或缺陷存在的微破裂，微破裂逐渐扩展形成小断裂，最后贯通形成主断裂；相关模拟实验也证实存在基底断裂的情况下，盖层破裂的发育过程是最先出现R裂隙、其次是P裂隙、再是D裂隙，最后贯通成具辫状结构的主断裂带。邹家山铀矿床含矿构造是在"X"剪节理基础上发展起来并经持续(递进)变形而形成的"弧形断层面夹透镜状岩块"组合，控制矿带或矿体群的构造是北东东走向、倾向北北西中偏缓倾角、具有左行正断的隐性断裂带。含矿裂隙经历初成、成型和成矿三个阶段演化，成矿后经历邹家山-石洞主断裂贯通和隆升剥露两个阶段演化，最终形成目前的保存状态。Abstract: Hydrothermal lode deposit is mainly controlled by fault structure. The ore-bearing or ore-hosting structures controlling the emplacement of ore-body and ore vein are often minor second-order faults or fractures,while the major faults are generally considered as passage-ways for ore fluids; however,they usually contain no ore,even no trace of mineralization alteration or evidence of ore fluids passing by. According to the fracture criterion of rock mechanics,a micro fracture with micropores or defects forms first under compression stress,then the micro fracture gradually extends,forming a minor fault,and finally breaks through to form a main fracture. Relevant simulation experiments also confirmed that in the case of basement faults,the development process of caprock fracture can be divided into four stages:R-fracture stage,P-fracture stage,D-fracture stage and through-going stage,finally forming a major fault with braid structure. The ore-bearing structure of the Zoujiashan uranium deposit,developed on the basis of "X" shear joints and formed by continuous (progressive) deformation,is composed of arcuate fault planes with lenticular rocks in between. The ore-belts (or ore body groups) are arranged obliquely,indicating that the ore-controlling structure is a high-degree hidden left-slip normal fault with NEE-trending (50°~65°) and low-middle angle(30°~45°) dipping to northwest. The ore-bearing structure went through initial formation,forming and metallogenic stages,followed by the through-going of the Zoujiashan-Shidong major fractures and uplift and exhumation,and finally formed the current state.
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图 1 相山铀矿田和邹家山铀矿床地质图(张万良等，2015年; 胡荣泉等, 2015)
a-相山铀矿田地质简图(1-上白垩统南雄组；2-下白垩统鹅湖岭组；3-下白垩统打鼓顶组；4-上三叠统安源组；5-中元古界；6-斑状花岗岩；7-燕山早期花岗岩；8-不整合界线；9-主干断裂/次级断裂；10-铀矿床)；b-邹家山铀矿床地质图(1-下白垩统鹅湖岭组上段；2-主干断裂/一般断裂；3-铀矿体；4-火山塌陷构造；5-矿化蚀变界线；6-露天采场范围)
Figure 1. Geological maps of the Xiangshan uranium ore field and the Zoujiashan uranium deposit(Zhang et al, 2015; Hu et al, 2015)
图 2 走滑断裂带贯穿过程与发育模式图(据Dooley and Schreurs, 2012修改)
a-平面破裂发育过程(a1-模型、未破裂，a2-R型裂隙形成阶段，a3-P型裂隙形成阶段，a4-D型裂隙形成阶段，a5-贯通阶段)；b-f-空间破裂发育过程
Figure 2. Model showing the through-going process and development pattern of the strike-slip fault zone(modified after Dooley and Schreurs, 2012)
图 3 各种岩石破裂特征
a-昆仑山8.1级地震地表破裂(徐锡伟等，2008)；b-昆仑山8.1级地震地表破裂(1-地震鼓包；2-洼地；3-地震破裂；4-压扭性破裂；5-张扭性破裂；6-阶地界线；7-阶地编号；8-冲沟；9-冲沟编号，据徐锡伟等，2008修改)；c-山丹地震地表破裂(σ1-最大主压应力；国家地震局地质研究所和国家地震局兰州地震研究所，1993)；d-侏罗纪砂砾岩中的共轭剪节理(新疆后峡盆地)；e-泥盆纪灰岩中的羽状张裂隙及方解石脉(陕西旬阳砂硐沟)；f-寒武纪浅变质砂岩中共轭剪节理及张节理(湖南郴州枞树板铅锌矿区，陈柏林等2000)；g-分图f的素描(1-剪节理；2-张节理)
Figure 3. Fracture characteristics in rocks
图 4 邹家山铀矿床露天采场中段南东侧铀矿体及含矿构造展布(平面)图
1-碎斑熔岩；2-含矿裂隙；3-无矿裂隙；4-铀矿体；5-产状a-XS73-2点；b-XS60-2点
Figure 4. Sketch and picture showing the distribution of ore-bearing structure and ore-body in the open pit mining of the Zoujiashan uranium deposit(plan)
图 5 邹家山铀矿床露天采场中段南东侧铀矿体及含矿构造展布图(XS74点)
1-碎斑熔岩；2-含矿裂隙；3-构造变形带；4-铀矿体；5-产状a-剖面；b-矿体照片；c-平面
Figure 5. Sketch and picture showing the distribution of ore-bearing structure and ore-body in the open pit mining of the Zoujiashan uranium deposit(XS74)
图 6 邹家山铀矿床露天采场铀矿体及含矿构造展布(平面)图
1-碎斑熔岩；2-人工堆积；3-含矿裂隙；4-不含矿裂隙；5-铀矿体；6-产状a-XS49-50；b-XS70
Figure 6. Sketch and picture showing the distribution of ore-bearing structure and ore-body in the open pit mining of the Zoujiashan uranium deposit (plan)
图 7 邹家山铀矿床矿带分布图和15线地质剖面图(据魏祥荣等，2006修改)
1-下白垩统鹅湖岭组上段；2-下白垩统鹅湖岭组下段；3-下白垩统打鼓顶组上段；4-下白垩统打鼓顶组下段；5-中元古界；6-地质界线；7-剖面角度不整合界线；8-火山塌陷构造；9-主干断裂；10-一般断裂；11-铀矿体；12-铀矿带(矿体群)；13-铀矿带编号；14-隐性控矿构造；15-钻孔a-矿带平面分布图；b-15线地质剖面
Figure 7. Distribution map of ore belts and the geological profile of Line 15 in the Zoujiashan uranium deposit(modified after Wei et al, 2006)
图 8 含矿构造形成至矿化时构造应力方向演化示意图
σ1-最大主压应力；σ2-中间主压应力；σ3-最小主压应力
Figure 8. Sketch showing the evolution of the structural stress orientation from the formation of ore-bearing structure to the mineralization
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