Study on the river network, geomorphological features and tectonic activity in the Danjiangkou reservoir and its surrounding areas
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摘要: 河流作为构造-气候相互作用最为敏感的地貌单元，记录了丰富的水系演化、构造变形以及气候变化等信息。通过研究河流的形成与演化过程来阐述区域地貌和构造活动特征是构造地貌研究的一个突破点，河流形态的空间变化是阐述河流形成与演化特征最为直观有效的方法。丹江口水库库区地貌特征复杂、地质灾害频发、差异性构造活动较为强烈，是开展构造地貌研究的理想场所。通过对丹江口水库库区及周边地区河流形态特征、地貌特征及构造活动特征等进行综合分析发现，河网分维值空间特征与区域内构造活动性较强的断裂的空间分布高度吻合，构造活动性较强的断裂带及周边地区，河网受到构造活动的影响，发育不成熟，河网分维值出现低值，分维值均小于1.115；构造活动性较弱的断裂带及周边地区，河网发育过程中未受到构造活动的影响，发育较成熟，河网分维值高，分维值均大于1.25；而河网分维值空间变化与地形坡度、平均高程等地貌参数相关性不显著。因此，区域构造活动性特征是河网形态空间变化控制的关键因素。利用河网形态的分维特征量化区域构造活动的强弱及各区域构造活动的差异，对于河流的形成与演化、构造活动性及预测地质灾害的发生等方面的研究都有一定的参考价值。Abstract: Owing to its sensitiveness to tectonics and climate, river records the relevant information about river system evolution, structural deformation and climate change. It is a breakthrough point in structural geomorphology research to elaborate on regional geomorphology and tectonic activities by studying the formation and evolution of the river, while the most direct and effective way to study formation and evolution of the river is through the spatial change of river morphology. Complex geomorphology, frequently-happened geological disasters, and strong tectonic activities make the Danjiangkou reservoir an ideal place for structural geomorphology research. In this paper, we researched on the river morphology, geomorphology and tectonic activities in the surrounding areas of the Danjiangkou reservoir. It is shown that the spatial characteristics of the river network fractal dimension values are highly consistent with the spatial distribution of the regional active faults. In and around the relatively active fault zones, the river networks are affected by tectonic activities in the process of development. The evolution of the river is immature and the river network fractal dimension values are relatively low (below 1.115). On the contrary, in and around the relatively inactive fault zones, the evolution of the river is mature, and the river network fractal dimension values are relatively high(above 1.25). Moreover, there is no significant correlation between the spatial distribution of river network fractal dimension values and geomorphological parameters, such as topographic slope and average elevation, which means the crucial factor affecting the spatial distribution of river network is the regional tectonic activity. Therefore, characteristics of river network fractal dimension can quantitatively reflect the strength and difference of regional tectonic activities, which provides reference for the studies on river formation and evolution, tectonic activity and prediction of geological disasters.
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图 1 研究区地质地貌特征与活动构造分布图
a—区域高程分布叠加山影图；b—区域地质图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of geological and geomorphological characteristics and the distribution of active structures in the study area
图 2 研究区内地震记录、地质灾害事件、河网分形维数的空间分布
a—子流域河网分维特征分布；b—利用ARCGIS空间分析模块对每一个集水子区域进行几何中心分析及赋值并插值平滑处理后河网分维特征的空间分布F1—青峰-广济断裂；F2—竹山断裂；F3—公馆-白河-石花街断裂；F4—粟扎坪-七里峡断裂；F5—土门-观音滑脱断裂；F6—两郧断裂；F7—靖口关-花石岩-山阳断裂；F8—淅川断裂；F9—丹凤-商南-商城断裂；F10—朱阳关-大河深断裂
Figure 2. Spatial distribution of the earthquakes, geological hazards, river network fractal dimension values in the study area
图 3 丹江口水库库区周边地区水系河网分维值与地貌特征的相关关系
a—子集水区域河网分维值与平均高程的相关关系；b—子集水区域河网分维值与平均坡度的相关关系；c—子集水区域河网分维值与区域集水面积的相关关系
R—相关系数；E—科学计数符号Figure 3. Correlation between river network fractal dimension value and geomorphological characteristics in the surrounding areas of the Danjiangkou reservoir
图 4 公路断裂(白河—石花街断裂)野外露头测量与空间几何关系示意图
a—公路断裂石花段断层三角面远景，镜向南；b—石花断裂近景实地产状测量，镜向东；c—公路断裂地层地下空间几何模式
Figure 4. Relation diagram of spatial geometry and field measurement of the outcrop in the Gonglu fault (Baihe-Shihuajie fault)
表 1 丹江口水库库区周边地区水系河网分维值及地貌指标
Table 1. River network fractal dimension values and geomorphological indexes in the surrounding areas of the Danjiangkou reservoir
子流域编号[代码] 区域面积/km2 平均高程/m 平均坡度/(°) 分维值 1[a] 3449 1091 7.7 1.183 2[b] 3971 819 11.85 1.242 3[c] 2896 779 8.96 1.284 4[d] 1450 771 8.96 1.289 5[e] 6305 1233 20.66 1.278 6[f] 4524 1054 15.62 1.264 7[g] 2218 1105 9.35 1.266 8[h] 1799 745 7.46 1.144 9[i] 1252 662 6.75 1.311 10[j] 2602 817 13.95 1.272 11[k] 1789 728 13.52 1.159 12[l] 1325 798 11.03 1.343 13[m] 851 817 12.87 1.152 14[n] 1320 913 15.81 1.256 15[o] 1533 771 9.23 1.134 16[p] 2192 1421 20.91 1.253 17[q] 2963 1378 25.22 1.131 18[r] 6578 838 9.35 1.132 
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表 2 丹江口水库库区周边地区地震目录(引自《中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪—公元1911年)》和美国USGS提供的地震记录)
Table 2. Earthquake catalog in the surrounding areas of the Danjiangkou reservoir (quoted from the "Catalogue of Chinese History(23rd Century BC-1911 AD)" and seismic records provided by USGS in the United States)
编号 时间 经度/(°) 纬度/(°) 震级/ Ms 震源深度/km 1 公元前143年 110.1 32.1 5 无记录 2 788年 109.9 32.4 6.5 无记录 3 1868年 109.7 32.8 5.5 无记录 4 1632年 109.7 32.4 5 无记录 5 1887年 111.0 32.4 4.8 无记录 6 2014年5月27日 110.205 31.956 4.5 21.7 7 2008年3月27日 110.31 32.569 4.8 10 8 2008年3月24日 110.193 32.525 4.3 10
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表 3 丹江口水库库区及周边地区地质灾害目录
Table 3. Geological hazards catalog in the surrounding areas of the Danjiangkou reservoir
序号 时间 经度/(°) 纬度/(°) 灾害类型 灾害规模 1 2006年1月—3月 110.517 32.691 滑坡 中小型 2 2006年1月—3月 110.569 32.801 滑坡 中小型 3 2008年1月—3月 110.67 32.635 滑坡 中小型 4 2008年1月—3月 110.308 31.556 滑坡 中小型 5 2009年1月—3月 109.69 33.88 滑坡 中小型 6 2010年1月—3月 109.621 32.664 崩塌 中小型 7 2011年1月—3月 110.655 32.65 滑坡 中小型 8 2015年1月—3月 110.655 32.65 滑坡 中小型 9 2016年1月—3月 110.293 31.571 滑坡 中小型 10 2016年1月—3月 109.776 31.872 滑坡 中小型 11 2016年1月—3月 110.207 32.158 滑坡 中小型 12 2016年1月—3月 110.19 31.749 崩塌 大型 13 2017年1月—3月 110.741 32.623 滑坡 大型 14 2017年1月—3月 109.759 32.842 崩塌 中小型
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