THE CARBONIFEROUS SOURCE ROCK MATURITY EVOLUTION IN THE DELINGHA DEPRESSION IN THE QAIDAM BASIN, NORTHWEST CHINA
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摘要: 德令哈坳陷是柴达木盆地石炭系具有勘探前景的地区。综合区域调查、平衡剖面反演、镜质体反射率等分析，获取了柴达木盆地主要构造运动期次，并结合盆地模拟技术，重建了石炭系埋藏史；结合石炭系烃源岩油气地化指标，研究了德令哈坳陷石炭系烃源岩热演化史。研究表明，德令哈坳陷内石炭系烃源岩广泛发育，有机质丰度较高，埋深较大，但未发生变质，处于成熟-高成熟阶段。德令哈坳陷石炭系埋藏史主要表现为晚石炭世、中侏罗世早期-晚白垩世、渐新世晚期-中新世为快速埋藏期，早二叠世-晚三叠世、早白垩世-始新世为稳定期，晚三叠世末-晚侏罗世、始新世末-中新世、中新世末以来为强烈抬升剥蚀期，沉降史与抬升剥蚀史新生代以来存在着差异；石炭系烃源岩热演化史主要表现为"二次生烃、晚期生烃为主"的特点，主要受控于区域构造运动。晚古生代以来柴达木盆地热演化总体表现为缓慢降低的特征，主要受控于柴达木盆地岩浆热事件与构造活动特征。Abstract: The Delingha depression is an area with prospects for Carboniferous exploration in the Qaidam Basin. The Main tectonic movement periods in the Qaidam Basin were obtained based on the comprehensive regional survey, balanced profile inversion, and vitrinite reflectance. Base on the basin simulation techniques, the burial history of the Carboniferous was reconstructed; furthermore, the thermal evolution history of Carboniferous source rock was studied, through analyzing geochemical characteristics of Carboniferous source rocks in the Delingha depression. The study shows that the Carboniferous source rocks in the Delingha depression of are widely developed with higher abundance of organic matter, large burial depth, no metamorphism, and they are in the mature-high mature stage. The burial history of the Carboniferous in the Delingha depression is mainly characterized by rapid burial period, stable period and strong uplifting and erosion period. The history of subsidence and the history of uplift and erosion have been different since the Cenozoic. The thermal evolution history of Carboniferous source rocks is mainly characterized by the "secondary hydrocarbon generation and the main hydrocarbon generation in the late stage", which is mainly controlled by the tectonic movement of the area. The overall thermal evolution of the Qaidam Basin is slowly decreasing, mainly controlled by the characteristics of magmatic thermal events and tectonic activities in the Qaidam Basin.
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图 1 柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷构造位置图及深部结构剖面
Figure 1. Location map and deep structural section of the Delingha depression in the Qaidam Basin
图 2 柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷地层综合柱状图
Figure 2. Synthetical stratum histogram in the Delingha Depression of the Qaidam Basin
图 3 柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系井下样品不同岩性烃源岩TOC平均值分布特征
Figure 3. Distribution of TOC mean values of different lithologic source rocks in the Carboniferous downhole samples in the Delingha depression, Qaidam Basin
图 4 柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系烃源岩干酪根类型
Figure 4. The kerogen types of Carboniferous source rocks in the Delingha depression, Qaidam Basin
图 5 柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系烃源岩成熟度(露头样品)
Figure 5. Maturity of Carboniferous source rocks in the Delingha depression, Qaidam Basin (Outcrop samples)
图 6 柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系克鲁克组烃源岩成熟度(井下样品)
Figure 6. Maturity level of Carboniferous source rocks in the Delingha depression, Qaidam Basin (Well samples)
图 7 镜质体反射率与深度散点图
Figure 7. Ro measurement distribution with depth in the studied wells in the Qaidam Basin
图 8 柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷柴页2井、冷科1井埋藏史、热史模拟
Figure 8. The modeled results of burial, thermal and hydrocarbon generation history of Well Chaiye 2 and Lengke 1 in the east of the Qaidam Basin. (Dots means measured vitrinite reflectance and the solid line means modeled values in the right chart)
表 1 柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系实测剖面烃源岩厚度
Table 1. Source rock thickness of the measured Carboniferous section in the Delingha depression, Qaidam Basin
剖面 层位 实测厚度/m 泥岩/m 碳质泥岩、煤/m 灰岩/m 碎屑岩/m 烃源岩/m 霍参1井 C1h 270 59.4(22) 0 66.8(24.7) 143.9(53.3) 126.2(46.7) 柴页2井 C 2490 888(35.7) 113(4.5) 817(32.8) 672(27) 1818(73) 石浅1井 C 872.6 79.1(9) 10.5(1.2) 215.4(24.5) 572.7(65.3) 305(34.7) 石灰沟 C 844.3 308.9(36.6) 77.1(9.1) 359.3(42.6) 98.9(11.7) 745.3(88.3) 城墙沟 C 375.3 19.8(5.3) 0 223(59.4) 132.5(35.3) 242.8(64.7) 埃姆尼克山 C 540 305(56.5) 0 235(43.5) 0 540(100) 死狼沟 C 1334 85.9(6.4) 382.9(28.7) 743.1(55.7) 122.3(9.2) 1211.8(90.8) 注：59.4(22)括号内为占实测地层总厚度的百分比/% 
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表 2 德令哈坳陷石炭系井下样品不同岩性烃源岩有机质丰度分布范围
Table 2. Distribution of organic matter abundance of different lithologic source rocks in the Carboniferous downhole samples in the Delingha depression
岩性 最小值/% 最大值/% 平均值/% 个数 煤 20.9 98.3 62.2 23 碳质页岩 4.1 20.0 8.6 30 泥页岩 0.03 3.9 1.8 208 灰岩 0.01 1.4 0.6 12
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