THE APPLICATION OF TWO FACTOR METHOD IN QUANTITATIVE PREDICTION OF TECTONIC FRACTURES: A CASE STUDY OF SHALE IN QING-1 MEMBER, SONGLIAO BASIN
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摘要: 松辽盆地青山口组一段是一套重要的烃源岩层，也是盆地主要的裂缝性油藏和页岩油藏发育层。裂缝不仅是油气运移的主要通道，也是重要的储集空间，裂缝分布规律的评价对盆地今后页岩油和裂缝性油藏的勘探开发具有重要的指导意义。利用ANSYS与Suffer联合建模并采用Petrel软件对研究区岩石力学参数进行三维随机模拟的方法，对松辽盆地古近纪末期的应力场进行了三维数值模拟。结果表明，研究区最大主应力的变化范围为24~147 MPa，最小主应力变化范围为3.8~114.4 MPa；扶余隆起带附近为最大主应力低值区，大庆长垣附近为最大主应力高值区；最小水平主应力的应力低值区和高值区的分布与最大水平主应力大致相同。在此基础上，采用二元法对裂缝密度作了定量的预测，预测值与实测值吻合度较高。预测结果显示，齐家—古龙凹陷、大庆长垣以及梨树—德惠等地裂缝相对较为发育，是下一步勘探的重点。Abstract: Qing-1 member of Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin is an important hydrocarbon source formation and also the main development layer for fractured reservoir and shale oil reservoir. Fractures act not only as major pathways but also as important reservoir space. The evaluation of distribution pattern of fractures is instructive to the exploration and development of shale oil as well as fractured oil reservoirs. With finite element software ANSYS and Suffer to jointly model and by using software Petrel to simulate the rock mechanics parameters in three dimensional stochastically, the 3-D numerical simulation of plaeo stress field in late Paleogene is performed. The results show that the maximum principal stress in the study area varies from 24 to 147 MPa, and the minimum principal stress varies from 3.8 to 114.4 MPa. The area near Fuyu uplift zone is the low maximum principal stress area, while the area near Daqingchangyuan is the high maximum principal stress area. The distribution of the minimum horizontal principal stress in the low and high stress areas is approximately the same as that of the maximum horizontal principal stress. Based on the simulation, fracture density is predicted quantitatively through two factor method, with a relatively high reliability and coincidence rate of the measured one. The results show that the density in the Qijia-Gulong Depression, Daqingchangyuan and the Lishu-Dehui Depression is higher than other areas, which means they are the key exploration areas.
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图 4 扶余地区ZK0036井青山口组样品声发射实验测试结果
Figure 4. Acoustic emission test results of the samples of Qingshankou Formation from the well ZK0036 in Fuyu
图 5 松辽盆地青一段应力场数值模拟结果(图中负值表示压应力)
Ⅰ—西部斜坡区；Ⅱ—中央凹陷区；Ⅲ1—黑鱼泡凹陷；Ⅲ3—龙虎泡—红岗阶地；Ⅲ4—齐家—古龙凹陷；Ⅲ5—大庆长垣；Ⅲ6—三肇凹陷；Ⅲ7—朝阳沟阶地；Ⅲ8—长岭凹陷；Ⅲ9—扶新隆起带；Ⅲ10—双坨子阶地；Ⅳ—东北隆起区；Ⅴ—东南隆起区；Ⅴ1—长春岭背斜带；Ⅴ2—宾县—王府凹陷；Ⅴ3—青山口背斜；Ⅴ4—登楼库背斜；Ⅴ5—钓鱼岛隆起；Ⅴ6—杨大城子背斜；Ⅴ7—梨树—德惠凹陷；Ⅴ8—扶余隆起
Figure 5. The results of the numerical simulation of tectonic stress field of Qing-1 member in the Songliao Basin (the negative values represent the compressive stress)
图 6 松辽盆地青一段张破裂率和剪破裂率分布图
Ⅰ—西部斜坡区；Ⅱ—中央凹陷区；Ⅲ1—黑鱼泡凹陷；Ⅲ3—龙虎泡—红岗阶地；Ⅲ4—齐家—古龙凹陷；Ⅲ5—大庆长垣；Ⅲ6—三肇凹陷；Ⅲ7—朝阳沟阶地；Ⅲ8—长岭凹陷；Ⅲ9—扶新隆起带；Ⅲ10—双坨子阶地；Ⅳ—东北隆起区；Ⅴ—东南隆起区；Ⅴ1—长春岭背斜带；Ⅴ2—宾县—王府凹陷；Ⅴ3—青山口背斜；Ⅴ4—登楼库背斜；Ⅴ5—钓鱼岛隆起；Ⅴ6—杨大城子背斜；Ⅴ7—梨树—德惠凹陷；Ⅴ8—扶余隆起
Figure 6. The contour map of tensile fracture rate and shear fracture rate of Qing-1 member in the Songliao Basin
图 7 松辽盆地青一段泥岩裂缝密度预测图
Ⅰ—西部斜坡区；Ⅱ—中央凹陷区；Ⅲ1—黑鱼泡凹陷；Ⅲ3—龙虎泡—红岗阶地；Ⅲ4—齐家—古龙凹陷；Ⅲ5—大庆长垣；Ⅲ6—三肇凹陷；Ⅲ7—朝阳沟阶地；Ⅲ8—长岭凹陷；Ⅲ9—扶新隆起带；Ⅲ10—双坨子阶地；Ⅳ—东北隆起区；Ⅴ—东南隆起区；Ⅴ1—长春岭背斜带；Ⅴ2—宾县—王府凹陷；Ⅴ3—青山口背斜；Ⅴ4—登楼库背斜；Ⅴ5—钓鱼岛隆起；Ⅴ6—杨大城子背斜；Ⅴ7—梨树—德惠凹陷；Ⅴ8—扶余隆起
Figure 7. Predicted shale fracture density of Qing-1 member in the Songliao Basin
表 1 不同地质体材料属性数据表
Table 1. Property table for different geological materials
材料编号 模拟对象 岩石模量E/ ×103 MPa 泊松比μ 岩石密度ρ /(g/cm3) 颜色 1 目的层 17.5 0.33 2.3 深紫色 2 30 0.35 2.4 深蓝色 3 30 0.33 2.3 浅蓝色 4 25 0.33 2.4 粉红色 5 20 0.33 2.3 蓝色 6 15 0.32 2.36 紫色 7 7 0.30 2.6 浅紫色 8 40 0.32 2.5 红色 9 35.0 0.33 2.2 深黄色 10 断层 12 0.4 2.3 土黄色 11 边框 20 0.33 2.3 蓝色 
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表 2 岩心观测密度与预测值之间误差分析
Table 2. Error analysis between the predictive density and that derived from cores
井号 岩心裂缝密度/(条/m) 预测结果/(条/m) 绝对误差/(条/m) 相对误差/% 黑52 0.0849 0.0700 0.0149 17.56 黑57 0.0088 0.0100 0.0012 15.00 黑62 0.0719 0.0500 0.0219 30.42 黑68 0.0408 0.0380 0.0028 6.90 海7 0.0104 0.0130 0.0026 24.80
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