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晚新生代地壳构造运动研究

高名修

高名修, 2008. 晚新生代地壳构造运动研究. 地质力学学报, 14 (4): 295-319.
引用本文: 高名修, 2008. 晚新生代地壳构造运动研究. 地质力学学报, 14 (4): 295-319.
GAO Ming-xiu, 2008. STUDY ON LATE CENOZOIC CRUSTAL TECTONISM. Journal of Geomechanics, 14 (4): 295-319.
Citation: GAO Ming-xiu, 2008. STUDY ON LATE CENOZOIC CRUSTAL TECTONISM. Journal of Geomechanics, 14 (4): 295-319.

晚新生代地壳构造运动研究

详细信息
    作者简介:

    高名修(1933-), 男, 研究员, 1956年毕业于原北京地质学院水文地质及工程地质系。中国地震局地质研究所研究员。长期从事地震构造与地震预报, 全球构造与大陆地球动力学以及环境工程地质研究与教学

  • 中图分类号: P546

STUDY ON LATE CENOZOIC CRUSTAL TECTONISM

  • 摘要: 通过地球表面清、新的构造地貌与现代水文网记录, 研究晚新生代年轻地壳构造运动。研究发现高原-山带-盆地排列有序形影相依的定式, 与现代水文网的演化相辅相成, 揭示高原边缘山带本质上就是高原边缘流水深切割的产物。论证了于晚中新世时期全球曾准平原化, 发育了全球统一的准平原, 散布全球不同高度的高原面、齐平山顶面与盆地底面时代相当可广泛对比。现代构造地貌演化始于导致晚中新世准平原面分裂解体的上新世以来, 同时证明晚新生代地壳构造运动属垂直拱曲块断差异升降构造运动, 仅在某些特定部位局部派生次级不同规模的引张构造变形和层间滑动薄皮挤压构造变形。现代水文网发育经历了上新世-早更新世属盆地向心水系伴以河湖相沉积, 以及中更新世以来串珠状水系与相关的河流相沉积, 两套地层呈假整合或不整合, 明确记录了晚新生代地壳构造运动进程的两个主要阶段。约近70~80万年的中更新世以来, 新一轮强烈的地壳的差异升降构造运动, 显著的改造了已有的格局。自俄罗斯远东山地, 经蒙古高原和青藏高原至印度西北阿拉瓦利山, 地球表面规模最雄伟的、分开太平洋水系与北冰洋水系的亚洲巨型分水岭的出现, 标志新兴的全球现代构造地貌与水文网的形成, 奠定了今日构造地貌与水文网的景观。研究表明, 大陆与大洋晚中新世全球统一准平原面一脉相承, 晚新生代地壳构造运动完全可以对比。深入系统研究年轻的晚新生代地壳构造运动不仅有实用价值, 同时也有重要的科学意义, 特别是为探究全球构造运动本质和地球动力学提供了一个新的视角。

     

  • 图  1  地球表面P-M-B型基本构造地貌组合, 川西青藏高原-龙门山-四川盆地地形剖面[3]

    Figure  1.  The essential assemblage of morphostructure on the Earth surface shown as plateau-mountain belt-basin (P-M-B) [3]

    图  2  青藏高原西南缘喜马拉雅山深切割山顶齐平[11]

    Figure  2.  Summit concordance caused by deep dissection in the Himalayas at southwestern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[11]

    图  3  海域B-M-P-M-B地垒型组合

    A —日本本州拱曲隆升伴以中央块断盆地[13], 空心箭头示垂直上升力; B—沿N 13°过大西洋中脊地形剖面[14]及地质解释[15]

    Figure  3.  The horst-like morphostructure assemblage of B-M-P-M-B in sea area

    图  4  非洲残存于高分水岭的晚中生代冈瓦纳古陆面, 晚白垩纪-古近纪准平原面构成非洲的基本面, 上覆中新统

    Figure  4.  Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic peneplain in Africa continent

    图  5  水平上新统-第四系(N-Q)与下伏地层不整合剖面

    A —加利福尼亚大峡谷盆地剖面[37]; B—苏北平原-琉球海沟剖面(马道修等, 1997, 引自李祥根[18])。

    Figure  5.  The horizontal Pliocene-Quaternary unconformity underlain by continental or marine strata

    图  6  琉球上新统-下更新统(M)与下伏变形古近统(E)和上覆水平中更新统(R)均呈不整合接触。C, PT为前新生代岩系[66]

    Figure  6.  The unconformities between the Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene (M)and the overlying Middle Pleistocene(R)and the underlying deformed Eogene (E)at the Okinawa-Ryukyu[66]

    图  7  B-M-P-M-B地垒式构造地貌组合中央引张块断剖面

    A—西班牙中部科迪勒拉中央高原块断[6]; B —澳大利亚为代表的中央高原相对下凹[12]。Pz古生界; Cr白垩系; Pa大陆古新统; M1科迪勒拉边缘中新世粗碎屑岩; M2晚中新世灰岩。

    Figure  7.  The main extensional block faulting areas of the B-M-P-M-B horst-like morphostructure assemblage

    图  8  块断隆起侧翼正断型实例

    A—青藏高原至云南高原过渡带, 阶梯式正断层与层层下降地形剖面[3]; B —喜马拉雅山前活动的正断层NMF和SMF取代已停止活动的老冲断层MBT与MCT[78, 79]

    Figure  8.  Example on normal faults occurring in the transitional belt between blocks with differentially uplifting and subsiding movement

    图  9  拱曲隆升伴以逆断块断抬升。美国怀俄明州落基山脉构造

    Owl Creek山隆升, 伴以山前风河盆地边缘古近系—新近系逆断变形[16]

    Figure  9.  Plateau uplift with reverse faulting on flank of the arching uplift

    图  10  台湾中央山脉西山麓1999年吉吉7.6级大地震伴生层间弯曲滑动褶皱的地表断裂与变形, 顶部引张, 侧翼逆断[109]

    Figure  10.  The large earthquake (M =7.6) of Taiwan in 1999, showing a modal of extension on the top of uplift and reverse faulting at both flanks[109]

    图  11  台湾地质剖面[119]

    Ⅰ —基底; Ⅱ —古近纪地层; Ⅲ —上新统-早更新统表层滑动冲断、倒转褶皱、强烈挤压变形的薄皮叠瓦构造, 往台湾海峡变形减弱至恢复水平产状, 与上覆中更新统不整合, 伴以高角度正断层

    Figure  11.  Geological profile of Taiwan showing thin-skinned tectonism on western slope of the Centre Mountain[119]

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