Discussion of the seismogenic structure of the 1901 <i>M</i> 6¾ Nyemo earthquake

HA Guanghao; WU Zhonghai

doi:10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2021.27.02.021

Volume 27 Issue 2

Apr. 2021

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Journal of Geomechanics > 2021 > 27(2): 218-229

HA Guanghao, WU Zhonghai, 2021. Discussion of the seismogenic structure of the 1901 M 6¾ Nyemo earthquake. Journal of Geomechanics, 27 (2): 218-229. DOI: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2021.27.02.021

Citation:

HA Guanghao, WU Zhonghai, 2021. Discussion of the seismogenic structure of the 1901 M 6¾ Nyemo earthquake. Journal of Geomechanics, 27 (2): 218-229. DOI: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2021.27.02.021

Citation:

HA Guanghao, WU Zhonghai, 2021. Discussion of the seismogenic structure of the 1901 M 6¾ Nyemo earthquake. Journal of Geomechanics, 27 (2): 218-229. DOI: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2021.27.02.021

PDF( 41955 KB)

Discussion of the seismogenic structure of the 1901 M 6¾ Nyemo earthquake

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2021.27.02.021

HA Guanghao^{1, 2
,},
WU Zhonghai^{3, 4
,
,}

1.
Key Laboratory of Seismic and Volcanic Hazards, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China
2.
Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Neotectonic Movement and Geohazards, Beijing 100081, China
4.
Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

Funds:

the National Natural Science Foundation of China 41571013

the National Natural Science Foundation of China 41171009

National Nonprofit Fundamental Research Grant of China Earthquake Administration IGCEA2023

More Information

Received: 2020-11-27
Revised: 2021-02-11
Published: 2021-04-28

Abstract

Abstract

According to historical records, an M 6¾ earthquake occurred in Nyemo, Tibet on April 21, 1901 without any reports on its seismogenic structure yet. To sort out its seismogenic structure helps to understand the earthquake recurrence pattern of the Nyemo graben group (NGG) and to scientifically evaluate the future earthquake risk of surrounding areas. According to our results from the remote sensing interpretation and geological survey, a 30 km-long fault with a trend of nearly NW-NNW at the western boundary of the Panggang graben (PG), one of the NGG, is divided into north segment and south segment by the Penggang River. The north segment is characterized by significant linear features, with fault scarps developed, offsetting multistage river terraces and moraines. The recovered displacements show that the vertical offsets of Terrace T0, T1 and T2 are ~1.0 m, ~2.6 m and ~5.0 m, respectively. The south segment with obvious linear features develops along the Xiaqing River and extends to the north Nyemo County, with fault scarps developed, offsetting multi-stage alluvial fans. We found the offset Terrance T2 profile in northern Nyemo, indicating the extension of the fault. Through the magnitude recovery, we calculated the moment magnitude of the latest earthquake as about M_W6.8 along the PG, which is consistent with the Nyemo earthquake. Inferred from the results of the satellite image interpretation, geological survey and magnitude recovery, the PG is likely the seismogenic structure of the Nyemo earthquake. Also based on historical seismic records, we consider that each graben in the NGG could independently generate moderate-strong earthquakes, and the earthquake recurrence pattern and the seismicity difference between the NGG and the north and south segments of the Yadong-Gulu rift need further study.
- 1901 Nyemo earthquake,
- seismogenic structure,
- Yadong-Gulu rift,
- Panggang graben

FullText(HTML)

References(60)

References

ARMIJO R, TAPPONNIER P, MERCIER J L, et al., 1986. Quaternary extension in southern Tibet: field observations and tectonic implications[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Soil Earth, 91(B14): 13803-13872. doi: 10.1029/JB091iB14p13803

ARMIJO R, TAPPONNIER P, HAN T L, 1989. Late Cenozoic right-lateral strike-slip faulting in southern Tibet[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Soil Earth, 94(B3): 2787-2838. doi: 10.1029/JB094iB03p02787

BASANG C, CAO Z Q, DENG G Y et al., 2009. Damage Analysis of Dangxiong Ms6.6 and Nimu Ms 6.5 Earthquakes in Tibet[J]. Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention, 4(2): 233-239. (in Chinese with English abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZZFY200902015.htm

CHENG J, XU X W, GAN W J, et al., 2012. Block model and dynamic implication from the earthquake activities and crustal motion in the southeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 55(4): 1198-1212. (in Chinese with English abstract) http://www.researchgate.net/publication/270648382_Block_model_and_dynamic_implication_from_the_earthquake_activities_and_crustal_motion_in_the_southeastern_margin_of_Tibetan_Plateau

CHENG J, RONG Y F, MAGISTRALE H, et al., 2020. Earthquake rupture scaling relations for mainland China[J]. Seismological Research Letters, 91(1): 248-261. doi: 10.1785/0220190129

DENG Q D, YU G H, YE W H, 1992. Relationship between earthquake magnitude and parameters of surface ruptures associated with historical earthquakes[G]//DENG Q D, WANG Y P. Researcher on active fault (2). Beijing: Seismological Press: 247-264. (in Chinese)

ENGLAND P, HOUSEMAN G, 1989. Extension during continental convergence, with application to the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 94(B12): 17561-17579. doi: 10.1029/JB094iB12p17561

GONG Y, ZHANG W F, 1993. Macro-investigation for Nimu earthquake with Magnitude 6.5 in July 30, 1992 in Tibet[J]. Sichuan Earthquake(2): 59-64. (in Chinese with English abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-SCHZ199302008.htm

HA G H, 2019. Normal faulting of Central-Southern Yadong-Gulu rift since Late Cenozoic, Southern Tibet[D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. (in Chinese with English abstract)

HAN T L, 1987. The active tectonics in Xizang (Tibet)[M]//Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. People's Republic of China, Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, Geological Memoirs Series 5 (Number 4): Tectonic evolution of the lithosphere of the Himalayas. Beijing: Geological Publishing House. (in Chinese)

LEE J, HAGER C, WALLIS S R, et al., 2011. Middle to late Miocene extremely rapid exhumation and thermal reequilibration in the Kung Co rift, southern Tibet[J]. Tectonics, 30(2): TC2007. doi: 10.1029/2010TC002745

LI J., WEN S., ZHANG Q., et al., 1979. Discussion on the age, amplitude and form of the uplift of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. [J]. Science China, (6): 608-616. (in Chinese) http://www.researchgate.net/publication/288012867_Discussion_on_the_age_amplitude_and_form_of_the_uplifting_of_the_Qinghai-Tibetan_plateau

MERCIER J L, ARMIJO R, TAPPONNIER P, et al., 1987. Change from Late Tertiary compression to Quaternary extension in southern Tibet during the India-Asia Collision[J]. Tectonics, 6(3): 275-304. doi: 10.1029/TC006i003p00275

MOLNAR P, TAPPONNIER P, 1977. The collision between India and Eurasia[J]. Scientific American, 236(4): 30-41. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0477-30

MOLNAR P, TAPPONNIER P, 1978. Active tectonics of Tibet[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 83(B11): 5361-5375. doi: 10.1029/JB083iB11p05361

MOLNAR P, CHEN W P, 1983. Focal depths and fault plane solutions of earthquakes under the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 88(B2): 1180-1196. doi: 10.1029/JB088iB02p01180

MOLNAR P, LYON-CAENT H, 1989. Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau and its margins[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 99(1): 123-154. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1989.tb02020.x

MOLNAR P, ENGLAND P, MARTINOD J, 1993. Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian Monsoon[J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 31(4): 357-396. doi: 10.1029/93RG02030

MURPHY M A, SANCHEZ V, TAYLOR M H, 2010. Syncollisional extension along the India-Asia suture zone, south-central Tibet: Implications for crustal deformation of Tibet[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 290(3-4): 233-243. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.046

NI J, YORK J E, 1978. Late Cenozoic tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 83(B11): 5377-5384. doi: 10.1029/JB083iB11p05377

ROTHERY D A, DRURY S A, 1984. The neotectonics of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Tectonics, 3(1): 19-26. doi: 10.1029/TC003i001p00019

STYRON R H, TAYLOR M H, SUNDELL K E, et al., 2013. Miocene initiation and acceleration of extension in the South Lunggar rift, western Tibet: Evolution of an active detachment system from structural mapping and (U-Th)/He thermochronology[J]. Tectonics, 32(4): 880-907. doi: 10.1002/tect.20053/full

STYRON R, TAYLOR M, SUNDELL K, 2015. Accelerated extension of Tibet linked to the northward underthrusting of Indian crust[J]. Nature Geoscience, 8(2): 131-134. doi: 10.1038/ngeo2336

TAPPONNIER P, MOLNAR P, 1977. Active faulting and tectonics in China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82(20): 2905-2930. doi: 10.1029/JB082i020p02905

TAPPONNIER P, MERCIER J L, ARMIJO R, et al., 1981. Field evidence for active normal faulting in Tibet[J]. Nature, 294(5840): 410-414. doi: 10.1038/294410a0

TAPPONNIER P, PELTZER G, LE DAIN A Y, et al., 1982. Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: New insights from simple experiments with plasticine[J]. Geology, 10(12): 611-616. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<611:PETIAN>2.0.CO;2

TAPPONNIER P, RYERSON F J, VAN DER WOERD J, et al., 2001. Long-term slip rates and characteristic slip: keys to active fault behaviour and earthquake hazard[J]. Earth and Planetary Sciences, 333: 483-494. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001016688

TAYLOR M, YIN A, RYERSON F J, et al., 2003. Conjugate strike-slip faulting along the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone accommodates coeval east-west extension and north-south shortening in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Tectonics, 22(4): 1044. doi: 10.1029/2002TC001361

The Science and Technology Committee and the Archives of Xizang Autonomous Region, 1982. A Compilation on Historical Earthquakes Data in Tibet (the First Volume)[G]. Lasa: Xizang People's Publishing House, 1-583. (in Chinese)

WANG Y P, 1998. Principal features of the active tectonics in Qinghai-Xizang plateau[G]//The Editorial Committee of "Research on Active Fault". Research on active fault (6): Theory and application. Beijing: Seismological Press: 135-144. (in Chinese)

WELLS D L, COPPERSMITH K J, 1994. New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 84(4): 974-1002. http://gji.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=ssabull&resid=84/4/974

WU Z H, WU Z H, HU D G, et al., 2006. Holocene seismogenic faults along the Tanggula-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, China[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 25(12): 1387-1401. (in Chinese with English abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZQYD200612005.htm

WU Z H, ZHANG Y S, HU D G, et al., 2008. The Quaternary normal faulting of the Cona-Oiga rift[J]. Seismology and Geology, 30(1): 144-160. (in Chinese with English abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DZDZ200801010.htm

WU Z H, YE P S, WU Z H, 2009. The seismic intensity, seismogenic tectonics and mechanism of the Ms6.6 Damxung earthquake happened on October 6, 2008 in Southern Tibet, China[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 28(6): 713-725. (in Chinese with English abstract) http://www.researchgate.net/publication/289319828_The_seismic_intensity_seismogenic_tectonics_and_mechanism_of_the_Ms66_Damxung_earthquake_happened_on_October_6_2008_in_southern_Tibet_China

WU Z H, YE P S, BAROSH P J, et al., 2011. The October 6, 2008 Mw 6.3 magnitude Damxung earthquake, Yadong-Gulu rift, Tibet, and implications for present-day crustal deformation within Tibet[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 40(4): 943-957. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.05.003

WU Z H, YE P S, WANG C M, et al., 2015. The relics, ages and significance of prehistoric large earthquakes in the Angang Graben in South Tibet[J]. Earth Science, 40(10): 1621-1642. (in Chinese with English abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX201510003.htm

WU Z M, CAO Z Q, SHENTU B M, et al., 1992. Seismogenic structures of the 1411 southern Damxung earthquake of M=8 in Tibet[J]. Earthquake Research in China, 8(2): 46-52. (in Chinese with English abstract) http://epub.cnki.net/grid2008/docdown/docdownload.aspx?filename=ZGZD199202005&dbcode=CJFD&year=1992&dflag=pdfdown

YIN A, TAYLOR M H, 2011. Mechanics of V-shaped conjugate strike-slip faults and the corresponding continuum mode of continental deformation[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 123(9-10): 1798-1821. doi: 10.1130/B30159.1

ZENG Q L, YUAN G X, MCSAVENEY M, et al., 2020. Timing and seismic origin of Nixu rock avalanche in southern Tibet and its implications on Nimu active fault[J]. Engineering Geology, 268: 105522. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105522

ZHANG J J, GUO L, 2007. Structure and geochronology of the southern Xainza-Dinggye rift and its relationship to the south Tibetan detachment system[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 29(5-6): 722-736. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.05.003

ZHANG J J, SANTOSH M, WANG X X, et al., 2012. Tectonics of the northern Himalaya since the India-Asia collision[J]. Gondwana Research, 21(4): 939-960. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2011.11.004

ZHANG P Z, SHEN Z K, WANG M, et al., 2004. Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data[J]. Geology, 32(9): 809-812. doi: 10.1130/G20554.1

ZHAO G M, WU Z H, LIU J, et al., 2019. The time space distribution characteristics and migration law of large earthquakes in the Indiam-Eurasian plate collision deformation area[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 25(3): 324-340. (in Chinese with English abstract) http://www.researchgate.net/publication/333948849_THE_TIME_SPACE_DISTRIBUTION_CHARACTERISTICS_AND_MIGRATION_LAW_OF_LARGE_EARTHQUAKES_IN_THE_INDIAM-EURASIAN_PLATE_COLLISION_DEFORMATION_AREA

ZHENG W J, ZHANG P Z, YUAN D Y, et al., 2019. Basic characteristics of active tectonics and associated geodynamic processes in continental China[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 25(5): 699-721. (in Chinese with English abstract) http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DZLX201905007.htm

巴桑次仁, 曹忠权, 邓桂英, 等, 2009. 西藏当雄6.6级地震与尼木6.5级地震震害特征分析[J]. 震灾防御技术, 4(2): 233-239. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5722.2009.02.013

程佳, 徐锡伟, 甘卫军, 等, 2012. 青藏高原东南缘地震活动与地壳运动所反映的块体特征及其动力来源[J]. 地球物理学报, 55(4): 1198-1212. doi: 10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.04.016

邓起东, 于贵华, 叶文华, 1992. 地震地表破裂参数与震级关系的研究[G]//邓起东, 汪一鹏. 活动断裂研究(2). 北京: 地震出版社: 247-264.

龚宇, 张文甫, 1993. 1992年7月30日西藏尼木6.5级地震宏观考察[J]. 四川地震(2): 59-64. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SCHZ199302008.htm

哈广浩, 2019. 藏南亚东-谷露裂谷中-南段晚新生代正断层作用[D]. 北京: 中国地质科学院.

韩同林, 1987. 喜马拉雅岩石圈构造演化: 西藏活动构造[M]//中国地质科学院. 中华人民共和国地质矿产部地质专报五构造地质地质力学第4号. 北京: 地质出版社.

李吉均, 文世宣, 张青松, 等, 1979. 青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式的探讨[J]. 中国科学(6): 608-616. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JAXK197906008.htm

西藏自治区科学技术委员会档案馆, 1982. 西藏地震史料汇编(第一卷)[G]. 拉萨: 西藏人民出版社: 1-583.

汪一鹏, 1998. 青藏高原活动构造基本特征[G]//《活动断裂研究》编委会编. 活动断裂研究(6). 北京: 北京地震出版社: 135-144.

吴中海, 吴珍汉, 胡道功, 等, 2006. 青藏铁路唐古拉山-拉萨段全新世控震断裂研究[J]. 地质通报, 25(12): 1387-1401. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2006.12.006

吴中海, 张永双, 胡道功, 等, 2008. 藏南错那-沃卡裂谷的第四纪正断层作用及其特征[J]. 地震地质, 30(1): 144-160. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2008.01.010

吴中海, 叶培盛, 吴珍汉, 2009. 2008年10月6日西藏当雄M_s6.6级强震的地震烈度控震构造和发震机理[J]. 地质通报, 28(6): 713-725. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2009.06.005

吴中海, 叶培盛, 王成敏, 等, 2015. 藏南安岗地堑的史前大地震遗迹、年龄及其地质意义[J]. 地球科学, 40(10): 1621-1642. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX201510003.htm

吴章明, 曹忠权, 申屠炳明, 等, 1992. 1411年西藏当雄南8级地震发震构造[J]. 中国地震, 8(2): 46-52. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGZD199202005.htm

赵根模, 吴中海, 刘杰, 等, 2019. 印度-欧亚板块碰撞变形区的大地震时空分布特征与迁移规律[J]. 地质力学学报, 25(3): 324-340. https://journal.geomech.ac.cn/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20190303&journal_id=dzlxxb

郑文俊, 张培震, 袁道阳, 等, 2019. 中国大陆活动构造基本特征及其对区域动力过程的控制[J]. 地质力学学报, 25(5): 699-721. https://journal.geomech.ac.cn/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20190506&journal_id=dzlxxb

Relative Articles

Supplements(0)

Cited By

Proportional views

Proportional views

Figures(9) / Tables(1)

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Article Metrics

Article views (370) PDF downloads(38)

Discussion of the seismogenic structure of the 1901 M 6¾ Nyemo earthquake

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2021.27.02.021

Abstract

References

Proportional views

Catalog

Article Metrics

Proportional views

Related

Discussion of the seismogenic structure of the 1901 M 6¾ Nyemo earthquake

doi: 10.12090/j.issn.1006-6616.2021.27.02.021

Abstract

References

Proportional views

Catalog

Article Metrics

Proportional views

Related

Export File

Citation

Format

Content