Mineralization styles and structure-controlled mineralization rules of the Sanhe Pb-Zn Deposit in Inner Mongolia
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摘要: 以内蒙三河铅锌矿床为研究对象，通过详细的野外和井下地质调研、勘查资料综合分析、构造地质测量、矿石和蚀变岩的岩石学和矿物学研究等，对矿区主要的构造类型、产状特征、脉体和蚀变的类型及矿化与断裂构造的关系进行了详细的研究。研究结果表明，矿区矿体主要呈脉状-网脉状产于北西西向断裂构造中。根据矿区断裂-脉体类型-蚀变的关系可以看出，走向北西西、倾向南南西的断裂为矿区主要的控矿断裂，主控矿断裂产状平直或呈舒缓波状，其间常发育铁锰碳酸盐-石英-硫化物脉，脉侧蚀变以硅化、黄铁矿化和绿泥石化为主。矿区主要矿体呈北西西走向，倾向南南西，其在走向和倾向上延伸规模大、产状稳定，地表常表现为蚀变片理化带，但其中常可见张性角砾岩脉或晶洞构造，其应为早期剪性断裂再次活化的产物。北北西和北北东向断裂为成矿后断裂，其间常被正长斑岩脉、闪斜煌斑岩脉充填，或发育方解石±石英±萤石±黏土矿物脉，可切穿含矿构造和含矿碳酸盐脉；成矿后断裂产状变化较大，分枝分叉和侧列现象常见，且其中常发育不规则状方解石-萤石脉及晶洞构造，显示了张性断裂的特征；同时对矿体有一定的错断，但断距不大，对找矿影响较小。无矿方解石-萤石-黏土矿脉两侧蚀变以黏土矿化为主，并发育少量浸染状黄铁矿化。铁锰碳酸盐脉两侧发育绿泥石化、硅化、黄铁矿化为矿区重要的找矿标志。这一认识对指导矿区及邻区同类矿床的找矿具有重要意义。Abstract: The Sanhe Pb-Zn deposit is studied in this paper through detailed field and underground geological investigations, structural geological surveys, drilling profile analysis combined with petrological and mineralogical analysis of ores and altered wall-rocks. We then discussed the ore-controlling structures and their distribution patterns, the styles of mineralization and alteration, the coupling relation between the mineralization and fault structures. Our results show that the mineralization in the Sanhe deposit show structure-controlled characteristics, and with dominant ore bodies trending NWW, dipping SSW. The extent of the ore-controlling faults can reach hundreds of meters to a few kilometers long, with relative stable occurrence. In the field, the ore-controlling faults occur as altered foliated zones but with tensional breccia veins and druse texture in them, showing a reactivated shear fault signature. NWW- and NNE- trending faults show post-ore deformation characteristics and usually with lamprophyre, syenite porphyry or calcite ±quartz ±fluorite ±clay mineral veins occuring in them. The NNW- and NNE- trending faults and related veins crosscut the mineralized carbonate-quartz veins and NWW-trending faults indicating a post-ore brittle deformation and hydrothermal activity. The post-ore faults and related hydrothermal veins usually occur as branching, bifurcation or irregular shapes and with druse texture in the center of the veins implying a extensional faults. Although the post-ore faults can slightly dislocate the ore bodies and contemporaneous hydrothermal veins, the displacement is negligible for exploration. The alteration around the non-mineralized calcite veins is dominated by clay alteration together with minor disseminated pyrite. Combined the structure-controlled mineralization and the alteration related Pb-Zn minerlization, it is concluded that the NWW-tending faults with silicification, pyritization, chloritization alteration halo, can be used as significant prospecting criteria in the deposit and the neighbouring area.
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图 1 额尔古纳及周边地区区域地质图(据武广等, 2014; 徐志刚等, 2008修改)
a—蒙古-鄂霍茨克缝合带; b—额尔古纳及周边地区矿点分布
Figure 1. Regional geological map of Ergun and surrounding areas (modified after Wu et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2008)
(a) Mongolia-Okhotsk suture zone; (b) Distribution of mines in the Ergun and surrounding areas
图 3 三河矿区双顶山矿段27号勘探线钻孔剖面图
Figure 3. Drilling profile of the No.27 exploration line in the Shuangdingshan section of the Sanhe mining area
图 4 三河铅锌矿区双顶山矿段断裂构造简图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram showing the faulted structure in the Shuangdingshan section of the Sanhe Pb-Zn mining area
图 5 北西西向断裂中碳酸盐脉的分支复合及边部的羽状裂隙
Ank—铁白云石; Dol—白云石; Qtz—石英; Chl—绿泥石; Gn—方铅矿; Sp—闪锌矿
a—碳酸盐脉的分支复合; b—碳酸盐脉边部的羽状裂隙Figure 5. The branching and recombination of carbonate veins in the NWW-trending fault and the pinnate fissures at the edges
(a) Branching complex of carbonate veins; (b) Pinnate fissures at the edges of carbonate veins
Ank-Iron dolomite; Dol-Dolomite; Qtz-Quartz; Chl-Chlorite; Gn-Galena; Sp-Sphalerite
图 6 矿区不同脉体之间的穿插关系
Ank—铁白云石; Dol—白云石; Qtz—石英; Cal—方解石; Chl—绿泥石; Clay—黏土矿物; Gn—方铅矿; Sp—闪锌矿
a—黏土矿物、石英和方解石脉切穿张性石英网脉; b—石英、方解石脉错断含矿铁锰碳酸盐脉Figure 6. Interspersed relationship between different veins in the mining area
(a) Clay minerals, quartz and calcite veins cut through tensile quartz veins; (b) Quartz and calcite veins discontinue ore-bearing iron-manganese carbonate veins
Ank-Iron dolomite; Dol-Dolomite; Qtz-Quartz; Cal-Calcite; Chl-Chlorite; Clay-Clay mineral; Gn-Galena; Sp-Sphalerite
图 7 矿区主要热液脉体类型
Ank—铁白云石; Dol—白云石; Qtz—石英; Chl—绿泥石; Cal—方解石; Clay—黏土矿物; Gn—方铅矿; Sp—闪锌矿; Sulf—硫化物
a—含暗色硫化物的铁锰碳酸盐脉; b—方解石脉错断含矿石英脉; c—含铅锌矿化的铁锰碳酸盐脉; d—黏土矿物脉切穿含矿铁锰碳酸盐脉Figure 7. Main types of hydrothermal veins in the mining area
(a) Iron-manganese carbonate veins with dark sulfide; (b) Calcite veins disjoint ore-bearing veins; (c) Iron-manganese carbonate veins with Pb-Zn mineralization; (d) Clay mineral veins cut through ore-bearing iron-manganese carbonate veins
Ank-Iron dolomite; Dol-Dolomite; Qtz-Quartz; Chl-Chlorite; Cal-Calcite; Clay-Clay mineral; Gn-Galena; Sp-Sphalerite; Sulf-Sulfide
图 8 矿区常见金属矿物组合
Sti—辉锑矿; Py—黄铁矿; Ccp—黄铜矿; Sp—闪锌矿; Gn—方铅矿; Ank—铁白云石; Clay—黏土矿物
a—与含铁白云石同期的辉锑矿、黄铁矿; b—与细晶石英同期的方铅矿、闪锌矿等金属硫化物Figure 8. Common metal mineral combinations in the mining area
(a) Stibnite and pyrite at the same time as iron-bearing dolomite; (b) Metal sulfides such as galena and sphalerite at the same time as fine-crystal quartz
Sti-Stibnite; Py-Pyrite; Ccp-Chalcopyrite; Sp-Sphalerite; Gn-Galena; Ank-Iron dolomite; Clay-Clay mineral
图 9 主要矿石矿物SEM/EDS分析
Ank—铁白云石; Qtz—石英; Clay—黏土矿物; Ap—磷灰石; Rt—金红石; Brt—重晶石; Gn—方铅矿; Py—黄铁矿; Ccp—黄铜矿; Tet—黝铜矿
Figure 9. SEM/EDS analysis of main ore minerals
Ank-Iron dolomite; Qtz-Quartz; Clay-Clay mineral; Ap-Apatite; Rt-Rutile; Brt-Barite; Gn-Galena; Py-Pyrite; Ccp-Chalcopyrite; Tet-Tetrahedrite
图 10 部分脉体穿插关系的正交偏光和单偏光显微照片
Ank—铁白云石; Qtz—石英; Chl—绿泥石; Clay—黏土矿物; Sp—闪锌矿; Py—黄铁矿; Ccp—黄铜矿
a、b—石英脉切穿含矿铁白云石脉(a为正交偏光, b为单偏光); c、d—石英和黏土矿物脉切穿成矿期石英和绿泥石脉(c为正交偏光, d为单偏光)Figure 10. Cross-polarized light (a, c) and single-polarized light (b, d) micrographs of the intervening relationship of part of the veins
(a, b) Quartz veins cut through ore-bearing iron-manganese dolomite veins; (c, d) Quartz and clay mineral veins cut through ore-forming quartz and chlorite veins
Ank-Iron dolomite; Qtz-Quartz; Chl-Chlorite; Clay-Clay mineral; Sp-Sphalerite; Py-Pyrite; Ccp-Chalcopyrite -
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